An overview is given on source-sink relationship affecting rice yields, the metabolism of carbohydrates and the nutritive peculiarity of nitrogen in different source-sink types of rice plants. In addition, the future research direction is briefly suggested.

综述了水稻源库关系及其对产量的影响，不同源库类型碳水化合物代谢和氮素营养生理特性，并简要提出了今后的研究方向。

Two wheat genotypes differing in grain protein content, Yangmai 9 and Xuzhou 26 were used in this experiment to study the effects of spikelet-and leaf-removal on the accumulation of protein and starch and flour quality in wheat grain.The results showed th

选用不同蛋白质含量的小麦品种。通过去穗和去旗叶研究了源库改变对小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累以及面粉品质的影响，以期为小麦品质调优技术提供理论依据。结果表明。去穗和去旗叶均使干物质积累和穗粒重减少，去穗处理增加单粒重，提高淀粉和蛋白质积累量，而去旗叶处理则相反。去穗和去旗叶处理降低了营养器官氮素和干物质积累量，但去旗叶处理促进了茎秆和穗壳中氮素和干物质转运量，而去穗处理则相反。籽粒氨基酸含量表现为去穗〉CK〉去旗叶，扬麦9号籽粒蛋白质含量与氨基酸趋势一致，而徐州26蛋白质含量为CK〉去穗〉去旗叶，表明氨基酸水平对蛋白质合成有重要作用。但不同品种反应有所不同。去旗叶处理显著降低面筋含量。但却提高了面筋指数和沉淀值，而去穗处理则相反。表明去旗叶处理在一定程度上改善了面粉品质。

This paper introduced the definition of caloric value, its representation and si gnificance, and the research advances in plant caloric value, with the spatio- temporal variation of caloric value among and within plant species and groups as well as the factors affecting this variation, including climate, site condition , stress environment, human disturbance, and the intrinsic factors such as carbo n concentration, ash content, and chemical composition of organic matter analyze d. The perspectives and limitations on the study of plant caloric value were als o discussed.

介绍了热值的定义、表示方法、研究意义和植物热值在生态学中的研究历史与现状；分析了 植物热值的时空变异性，包括热值在种间和类群间的变异及热值的种内变异规律；探讨了影 响植物热值变化的因子（包括气候、立地条件、胁迫环境和人为干扰等）和热值变异的内在 决定因素（包括碳浓度、灰分含量及有机质化学组成等）；对植物热值的研究前景和局限性 进行了展望。

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on the caloric value, ash content and morphological properties of Miscanthus floridulus were studied. The orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of N, P and Kcombinations on caloric value, ash content, plant height, stem diameter, ratio of stem to leaf and yield .The results showed that differences of caloric values in leaf, ash quantity of leaf and stem, plant height, stem diameter among different combinations were significant except the yield. The best fertilizer combination was urea (300 kg/hm2) + superphosphate（600 kg/hm2）+ KCl (50 kg/hm2) and the higher caloric value and lower ash content could be reached. Under the combination of urea (300 kg/hm2) + superphosphate（600 kg/hm2）+ KCl (50 kg/hm2), the better morphological properties could be reached.

对五节芒Miscanthus floridulus进行施肥措施研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对其灰分含量、热值以及表型性状方面的影响。采用正交试验设计，以热值、灰分含量、单株高度、地径、茎叶比、产量等为指标，研究不同氮磷钾配比对五节芒热值和表型性状的调控效应。结果表明，不同施肥水平对叶干质量热值、叶灰分含量、茎灰分含量、单支高度、地径、茎叶比达到显著影响，但对产量影响不显著。氮、磷、钾最佳组合为尿素（300 kg/hm2）+过磷酸钙（600 kg/hm2）+氯化钾（50 kg/hm2）时，五节芒灰分含量低，热值高；氮、磷、钾最佳组合为尿素（300 kg/hm2）+过磷酸钙（200 kg/hm2）+氯化钾（200 kg/hm2）时，五节芒的表型评价指标高。

Generally the fruiting ability of interspecific crossing in Larix is high, although there are differences between different crosses. The fruiting ability of the cross between L. kaempferi and L. gmelini was the lowest. It was revealed that the emptied seeds were mainly due to the self pollination through the experiments of open and self pollination. Some clones were almost total self incompatibility. The possible usage of these clones in seed orchard was discussed. Compared the process of pollen capture with different pollen (open-, self-pollens of L. principis rupprechetii and pollen of Pinus tabulaeformis ) under control pollination, there was no selection between ovule and pollen at the pollination stage, and all kinds of pollen could enter into ovule canal. About 4 weeks after pollination, the tip cells of nucellus broke and secreted liquid into ovular canal, which promoted pollen movement to the nucellus and played important role for pollen germination. Through the histo chemical analysis, the distribution of protein changed from pollination to fertilization stage. At pollination stage, protein almost distributed in whole ovule, while at fertilization stage it gradually transferred to the upper tissue of nucellus. The specialties between ovule and pollen during pollen germination and fertilization were detected.

落叶松种间杂交的结实率普遍较高,但不同种之间有一定差异,其中日本落叶松与兴安落叶松交配结实率最低。种内自由授粉和自交的对比试验显示,空粒种子产生的主要原因是自交。本文讨论了自交不孕无性系的可能利用途径。在不同交配组合下研究了华北落叶松捕捉花粉的过程,确定在传粉期花粉和雌性生殖器官存在一定的相互作用,但无特异性。传粉后约4周,珠心顶端破裂,分泌物进入珠孔道,并与珠被分泌物共同作用于花粉,使花粉向珠心移动。组织化学分析表明,从传粉到受精期间,蛋白质的分布发生区域性变化,传粉期蛋白质几乎分布于整个胚珠,而在受精期则主要集中在颈卵器之上的珠心组织中。初步确定在花粉萌发和受精期,华北落叶松中存在花粉识别与选择系统。

The two objectives of this paper were to examine the allocation patterns of calo ric values and elemental contents for plants on sea-beach salinity soil, and to summarize correlations between caloric values and elemental contents. In March 2002,nine plant species were sampled from five sea-beach artificial communities in Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area(TADA), China. They wer e Populus tomentosa Carr., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Fraxinus pennsylva nica Marsh., Loniccra macckii Maxim., Ta...

研究了天津开发区滨海防护圈 9种植物的热值、灰分含量和元素含量以及他们之间的相关关系。结果表明 :平均干重热值和去灰分热值都表现为乔木 ( 1 8442 .72 J/g、1 91 36.2 3J/g) >灌木 ( 1 81 38.1 8J/g、1 870 1 .2 95 J/g) >多年生草本 ( 1 5 643.1 1 J/g、1 862 2 .1 85 J/g) >1年生草本 ( 1 31 1 9.33J/g、1 790 7.91 J/g)。具体数值随植物种和组分的不同而异。从植物的元素含量看 ,常量元素 N、P、K在乔木的根、枝、皮中含量较干高 ;在灌木中 N和 P表现为根 >枝 ,K则反之 ;而多年生草本地上部分和地下部分含量较接近。对于本研究区土壤主要盐分元素 Na、Ca、Mg、Cl- 而言 ,乔木基本与常量元素 N、P、K一致 ,仍是根、皮、枝含量高于干 ;灌木均为根 <枝 ,与 K一样 ,和 N、P相反。多年生草本除大米草 Ca含量外都是地上部分含量比地下部分高。植物碳含量总体上根的含量低于其他组分。植物的干重热值与碳含量呈极显著的正相关关系 ,与灰分含量及 Na、Mg、Cl- 含量呈极显著的负相关关系、与Ca含量呈显著负相关关系。去灰分热值与碳含量和干重热值呈极显著和正相关关系。

【Objective】 Clearifing the relationship between the source and sink characteristics and the quantitative traits of spring maize with high yield (15 000 kg•hm-2) and to reveal the regulation of the source, sink and yield at different densities.【Method】Four experimental sites in maize regions with high yield of Xinjiang and Ningxia of China with similar climatic characteristics were set up (The 71st groups of the Fourth Agricultural Divisions of Xinjiang, the Qitai Farm of the Sixth Agricultural Division of Xinjiang, the experimental farm of Ningxia University, the Tongxin County of Ningxia). The resistant, density tolerance, high-yielding variety Zhengdan-958 was planted in accordance with the uniform cultivation and management practices. The treatments include 12 densities (15 000 to 180 000 plant/hm2) in order to create different types of source and sink, different yield levels (＞15 000 kg•hm-2), the characteristics of the material production of maize, the maximum leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential, grain weight per plant, single-grain number, harvest index, the ratio of grain to leaf, sink features, and their interrelationship.【Result】The high-yield maize dry matter accumulation and grain yield showed a quadratic function, 15 000 kg•hm-2 maize dry matter accumulation was 24 937-54 895 kg•hm-2, 19 270 kg•hm-2 (the highest yield) of dry matter accumulation of 37 417 kg•hm-2, pre-anthesis and post-anthesis accounted for 44.31% and 55.69%, respectively. The high yield maize production and maximum LAI, LAD showed a quadratic function relationships. The maximum LAI of the above 15 000 kg•hm-2 was 3.9-11.4, photosynthetic potential was 113 401-502 703 m2•d, LAI and LAD of the highest yield of maize were 6.88 and 348 142 m2•d. The yield and ear weight per plant had a negatively significant correlation (r =0.7188**), ear weight per plant of maize with the yield above 15 000 kg•hm-2 was 95.5-289.6 g, the highest yield of ear weight per plant was 169 g, yield and kernel number showed a function of quadratic relationship of maize with 1 5000 kg•hm-2 yield, the kernel number was 366.6-545.9. The kernel number of the highest yield of maize was 469. The yield and weight of kernel showed a quadratic function relationships. The 1000-kernels-weight was 232.6-388.6 g, the 1000-kernel-weight of maize with the highest yield was 361.0 g. The high yield maize production and harvest index had a quadratic function relationship, the harvest index was 31.5-61.9%, while that of the highest yield was 51.5%. The yield and kernel number/leaf area and kernel number/leaf dry weight was not significantly correlated (rkernel number/leaf area=0.1520, rkernelr/leaf dry weight =0.2577), the kernel weight/leaf dry weight was significantly (r=0.5847*) and had a quadratic relationship, the kernel weight/leaf weight was 1.1-7.13, kernel weight/leaf area was 149.4-506.5 g•m-2, the highest yield of kernel-leaf ratio was 5.39 and 366.4 g•m-2 of maize with yield above 15 000 kg?hm-2.【Conclusion】At different yield levels, the proportion of dry material accumulation and the photosynthetic potential existed difference in pre-anthesis and post-anthesis, the higher yield needs higher dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic potential, and the higher dry matter accumulation at pre-anthesis, the higher the proportion of photosynthetic potential at post-anthesis, As Zhengdan-958 is a type of source deficiency, which is a main limiting factor of production in low-density, so increasing the density could improve yield. The primary mechanism of yield is increase of leaf source. The high-density conditions, the source and sink increased at the same time but the increased proportion of the relative lack of sink was the main limiting factor of production, the main mechanism of yield increase improved seed setting rate and increased grain weight by the sink expansion methods.

【目的】明确高产春玉米（15 000 kg•hm-2）的源库特征及其数量关系，揭示玉米不同密度对源、库及其产量的调控规律。【方法】在新疆、宁夏具有相似气候特征的玉米高产区共设置4个试验点（新疆农四师71团、新疆农六师奇台农场、宁夏大学试验农场、宁夏同心县），按照统一的栽培管理措施，以广适、耐密、高产品种郑单958为试材，设12个密度处理（从1.5万—18万株/hm2）以创造不同源库类型和产量水平，研究高产（15 000 kg•hm-2及以上）玉米的物质生产特征、最大叶面积指数（LAI）、光合势、单株粒重、单穗粒数、收获指数和粒叶比等源库特征及其相互关系。【结果】高产玉米干物质积累量与籽粒产量呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米干物质积累量为24 937—54 895 kg•hm-2，19 270 kg•hm-2（最高单产）玉米干物质积累量为37 417 kg•hm-2，其中吐丝前占44.31%，吐丝后占55.69%；高产玉米产量与最大LAI、光合势均呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米最大LAI为3.9—11.4，光合势为113 401—502 703 m2•d，最高单产玉米最大LAI为6.68，光合势为348 142 m2•d；产量与单株穗重呈极显著负相关（r=0.7188**），15 000 kg•hm-2以上的玉米，单株穗重为95.5—289.6 g，穗粒数为366.6—545.9粒，千粒重为232.6—388.6 g，最高产量玉米单株穗重平均为169 g，穗粒数为469粒，千粒重为361.0 g；产量与穗粒数、千粒重均呈二次函数关系；高产玉米产量与收获指数呈二次函数关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上玉米收获指数为31.5%—61.9%，最高单产玉米收获指数为51.5%，产量与粒数/叶面积和粒数/叶干重相关不显著（r粒数/叶面积=0.1520，r粒数/叶干重=0.2577），而与粒重/叶干重极显著相关（r=0.5847**），两者呈二次曲线关系，15 000 kg•hm-2以上高产玉米，粒重/叶重为1.1—7.13，粒重/叶面积为149.4—506.5 g•m-2，最高产量时的粒叶比为5.39和366.4 g•m-2。【结论】不同产量水平玉米物质积累量、光合势、吐丝前、吐丝后物质积累和吐丝前、吐丝后光合势比例均有差异，产量越高，对吐丝前干物质积累量要求越高，吐丝后光合势比例也越高；郑单958类型的品种在低密度下源不足是产量的主要限制因子，此时增密能够增产，而增产的主要机制是叶源的增加；高密度下源、库同时增加但增加比例不同导致的库相对不足是产量的主要限制因子，此时提高结实率和增加粒重等扩库措施是增产的主要机制。

Field experiments with two treatments that were normal paddy rice and aerobic rice with straw mulching were set up to explore the relationship of root growth and yield of Rice in different water condition. The result showed that: The root/shoot ratio of aerobic rice was 23.2% higher than that of normal paddy rice. The maximum deepth of rice root was 28cm for normal paddy rice and 35cm for aerobic rice. From paddy to aerobic condition the respiration intensity of rice root increased obviously during grain-filling period. In the first season the range of yield decrease of root-cutting treatments for normal paddy rice was from 15% to 23%. However, the yield of aerobic rice with 1/4 root-cut treatment increased about 20%. In the second season the yields among treatments with root-cutting for normal paddy rice were not significantly difference, but for aerobic rice the yields declined with the degree of root cut off. The yield of treatment with 3/4 root-cut in aerobic rice decreased about 20.4% and the difference was significantly. In the first season root-cutting was in disadvantage of exportating reserved assimilate but was in advantage of concurrent photoassimilate accumulation. At last the weight of spiklet of aerobic rice increased with root-cutting whereas normal paddy rice decreased. In the second season, for aerobic rice the export of reserved assimilate decreased with root-cutting, whereas the concurrent photoassimilate increased with 1/4 root cut-off. Excessive root-cutting would bring down the accumulation of concurrent photoassimilate and result in the decrease of spiklet. For normal paddy rice root-cutting did not have much effect on the reserved assimilate exporting and concurrent photoassimilate increased with 1/4 root-cut treatment, but excessive root-cutting brought down the net accumulation of concurrent photoassimilate.

大田试验条件下设置常规水稻和覆草旱作水稻两个处理，研究不同水分条件下水稻根系生长对水稻产量的影响。结果表明：旱作水稻根冠比较常规水稻高23.2%。常规水稻最大根深为28cm，旱作水稻为35cm。水稻旱作后根系呼吸强度有明显增加。早造常规水稻断根后产量下降15%~23%，而旱作水稻断1/4根产量增加约20%。晚造常规水稻断根处理之间产量没有显著性差异，而旱作水稻断3/4根处理产量较不断根处理下降20.4%。早造水稻断根不利于水稻贮存物质输出而有利用于净光合产物积累。断根后旱作水稻穗增重增加，而常规水稻断根后穗增重下降。晚造旱作水稻断根后贮存物质输出减少，断1/4根处理水稻净光合生产量有升高趋势，但断根过多则引起净光合生产量下降，最终导致穗增重下降。常规水稻断根后对贮存物质的输出影响不大，断1/4根水稻净光合生产量有升高趋势，但断根过多则导致净光合生产量的下降。

作物源库关系是作物高产生理中的热点问题之一,目前其研究已取得多方面的进展.