Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association formed between soil fungi and plant roots. Mycorrhizal fungi exchange soil-derived nutrients for carbohydrates from host plants, and therefore play an important role in the cycle of carbon and nitrogen in ecosystems. Research results indicated that mycorrhizal fungi can obtain ca. 4%?26% of total net primary production of host plants, and biomass and secretion (glomalin) of mycorrhizal fungi are important soil carbon-pool. Simultaneously, mycorrhizal fungi may decompose the complex soil organic compounds. Nitrogen is transported from extraradical to intraradical hyphae by a transferring procedure from inorganic to organic and inorganic nitrogen in mycorrhizae. Advances of recent mycorrhizal researches on the metabolic function and mechanism of carbon and nitrogen were summarized and related fields in future studies were also mentioned in this review paper.

菌根(mycorrhiza)是土壤真菌与植物根系形成的共生体(symbiont), 真菌一方面从植物获取碳水化合物, 同时帮助植物吸收氮等矿质养分, 因此, 菌根真菌在生态系统的碳氮循环过程中发挥重要的作用。研究结果表明, 菌根真菌可利用约4%?26%的植物净光合固定的碳水化合物, 而其生物量和分泌物(如球囊霉素)具有重要的土壤碳汇功能; 同时菌根真菌可参与土壤复杂有机质的降解过程。在菌根共生体系中, 氮从根外菌丝到根内菌丝的传输经历了一个“无机-有机-无机”的转变过程。本文重点总结分析了菌根真菌在碳氮代谢功能与机理等方面的国内外最新研究进展, 以及目前存在的主要问题与未来的研究重点。

黄芩（Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi）为唇形科药用草本植物，以根入药，有清热燥湿，泻火解毒之功效。黄芩是我国一味常用中药材，需求量日益增大，随野生黄芩资源逐渐减少，黄芩 人工栽培逐渐广泛，然而黄芩人工栽培过程中经常出现药材质量下降、产量不高的问题，栽培过程中施肥浇水大多凭借经验盲目以大量取胜，水分和肥料浪费现象普 遍。 AM真菌是有益的土壤真菌，能与很多药用植物形成共生关系，AM真菌侵染黄芩后通过形成菌丝增加了植株根系吸收面积，促进宿主植物对土壤水分和营养物质吸 收，调节植株体内代谢活动，促进了宿主植物生长发育，增加植物抗逆性。 本文通过盆栽试验，研究了不同水肥条件下接种AM真菌（双网无梗囊霉）对黄芩生长和养分含量的影响，以利用菌根生物技术提高黄芩产量和品质，减少种植过程 中水肥浪费。取得的试验结果如下： 1．双网无梗囊霉能与黄芩形成良好共生关系，接种双网无梗囊霉能显著提高黄芩根系菌根侵染率，水分和施肥处理对植物根系侵染有显著交互作用。在土壤低肥和 35%相对土壤含水量时，黄芩的菌根侵染率最高。 2．不同水分条件下，接种双网无梗囊霉能够促进黄芩生长，缓解水分胁迫对黄芩生长的抑制效应，显著提高黄芩干重、株高和根冠比。接菌株叶片可溶性糖和可溶 性蛋白含量及POD、CAT、SOD保护酶活性显著高于未接种株，而脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著低于未接菌株。接种AM真菌显著增加了植株黄芩苷含量，对矿质 元素P、N、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Zn、茎叶Cu含量有促进作用，明显降低了Mn和根部Cu含量。 3.不同水肥条件下，接种双网无梗囊霉对黄芩有着不同的菌根效应。接菌能够促进植株生长，适宜水肥条件时植株保护酶活性、叶片渗透调节物质含量提高，降低 了脯氨酸和丙二醛，提高了黄芩抗旱能力。水分胁迫和低肥会降低黄芩苷含量累积，接种双网无梗囊霉提高了黄芩苷含量，改善了黄芩入药品质。水分胁迫降低N、 P、K、Fe、Cu含量，Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn含量增加；N和P元素随施肥量增加而提高，其它矿质元素在施肥量M时含量最高；接菌显著提高了黄芩矿质元 素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Zn含量，降低了Mn、Cu含量，改善黄芩矿质元素营养。 总体而言，在土壤相对含水量50%，施肥量为中肥(N0.383g/4kg、P0.564g/4kg、K0.251g/4kg)时，接种双网无梗囊霉菌根 效应最佳，黄芩生长和药用品质达到最优。接种AM真菌能够提高黄芩的耐旱性，提高对水分和肥料吸收利用，合理施肥和灌溉，起到节水节肥的效果。

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.is a medicinal plant and perennial herb with relieving pain promoting blood circulation, and so on. In recent years, to supplying people's the demand, the area of cultivation Salvia was increasing in Hebei province, but the quality was reducing because of non-standard planting and improper use of fertilizer and pesticides. Therefore, it has become the popular areas of researches to improve yield and quality of Salvia at home and abroad. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a class of beneficial soil microbes. It is well known that AM fungi can enhance the resistance of plants to stressful situations, such as drought, salt, nutrient deficiency, etc. At the same time, AM fungi can form a good symbiotic relationship with the almost ninety percent of vascular plants. Some researches have shown that the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has significant interactive effects with water and fertilizer. The paper mainly studied the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi( Glomus mosseae ) on the growth and nutrient of Salvia miltiorrhiza under different soil water and fertilizer conditions with pot experiment in greenhouse. The experimental design include two water treatments (drought stress, 40% of soil relative water content; normal water, 70% of soil relative water content). The amount of phosphorus included three levels low phosphorus (0.08 gP/kg soil,P1), normal phosphorus(0.16 gP/kg soil, P2) and high phosphorus (0.24 gP/kg soil, P3). The same condition inoculated differently with Glomus mosseae and non-mycorrhizal inoculation.The results showed that the treatment inoculated with AM fungi significantly promoted growth of host plant and infection rate, but the effect sof inoculation were affected by soil water and P level. Under 40% relative water content and different P levels, the inoculation of AM fungi on host plant has different influence on two water levels,Results as follows. The content of tanshinone in root significantly increased under P1, P2, P3 level; Both the content of tanshinone, Ca, Fe in shoot and Zn in root clearly went up only under P1, P2 level; The content of K, Zn in shoot increse only with P3 level; And the Mn in shoot increased only under P2, P3 level; However, when under P1, P2, P3 level, the content of danshensu in shoot and root, total phenolic and total flavonoids in root significantly reduced ; Only with P1, P2 level, the total flavonoids in shoot decreased obviously.. Under 70% relative water content, inoculation of AM fungi on Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. has different influence on two water levels as follows. The content of total flavonoids, total phenolic in shoot and root, tanshinone, Fe in shoot and Ca, Mn in shoot all increased under P1, P2, P3 level; The content of danshensu and Zn in root also rised but only under P1, P2 level; The content of Mn in root increased only under P2, P3 level; Cu in shoot, Ca in root and K in shoot significantly increased under P1, P2 and P3 level respectively. The growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. was inhabited by water stress, but the inhibition was alleviated after inoculated with AM fungi. Therefore, AM fungi can form a good symbiotic relationship with Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.. Inoculation of AM fungi on the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. had the best effection under 70% relative water content and P2(0.16 gP/kg soil) level.

利用盆栽接种试验,探讨不同水肥条件下AM真菌摩西球囊霉 Glomus mosseae 对丹参幼苗生长和微量元素的影响,为丹参水肥合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明,不同水肥条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了根系侵染率和生物量。40%相对含水量、不同施P水平,接种株丹参酮含量升高,总黄酮、丹参素及地下部总酚酸含量降低,植株Zn及地上部Ca、K、Mn、Fe含量升高,而对植株Mg、Cu和地下部Ca、K、Mn、Fe无显著影响;接种效应随施P量不同而变化。70%相对含水量、不同施P水平,接种株药用成分含量显著升高,植株Ca、Mn和地上部K、Cu及地下部Fe和Zn含量升高,而对植株Mg、地下部K、Cu和地上部Fe和Zn含量无显著影响。不同水分和同一施P水平,接种株丹参酮含量升高,地上部Ca、K和地下部Zn含量升高,接种效应因土壤含水量不同而变化,其中以70%含水量时效果最好。说明AM真菌能促进宿主植物根系对水分和矿质元素的吸收与利用,提高水分和P肥利用率,降低水分和P胁迫对丹参的伤害程度,其中以70%相对含水量,施P量为0.16 gP/kg土时AM真菌对丹参的接种效果最佳。

丛枝菌根(AM)是自然生态系统中广泛分布的互惠共生体。文章总结概述了丛枝菌根真菌的生物多样性及其提高植物抗病性的机制与影响因素,以助于正确理解菌根的抗病作用,为植物病害的生物防治奠定理论基础。

Neotyphodium (syn. =Acremonium) endophytes are a group of fungi which live for all, or at least a significant part of their life cycle asymptomatically within grass plant parts. Innumerable studies on graminicolous endophytic fungi have been carried out internationally in the fields of mycology, pasture agronomy, animal and plant sciences and veterinary science during the last 25 years. Research on endophytes started in the early 1990's in China. In this paper research progress on the grass-endophyte associ...

综述了国内外近年对禾草 -内生真菌 (N eotyphodium)的研究进展。全世界现已报道 14种禾草内生真菌 ,与 2 3个属的禾草形成共生体 ,我国已在 13属 2 5种天然草地禾草中发现内生真菌 ,其中发草属 (Descampsia)、大麦属 (H ord eum)和赖草属(L eymus)以往在国际文献中未曾报道。内生真菌在禾草体内产生的生物碱 ,致使采食带菌禾草的马、牛、羊、鹿等家畜产生中毒症状 ,每年给美国、新西兰等国造成的经济损失达 6.4亿美元之多 ,对其毒理研究取得了进展。已发现我国醉马草 (Achnatheruminebrians)对家畜的毒性与内生真菌的侵染有关。内生真菌侵染增加可使禾草对 42种害虫的抗性 ,并可增加对某些线虫和病害的抗性。与不带菌禾草相比 ,带菌禾草的另一特点是抗逆性强 ,牧草产量高。国际在该领域的研究主要集中在多年生黑麦草(L olium p erenne)和高羊茅 (Festuca arundinacea)。我国的研究发现 ,带菌布顿大麦草 (H ordeum bodg anii)和圆柱披碱草(Elymus cylind ricus)的牧草产量分别增加 33.3%和278.8%，分孽数分别增加136.8%和84.5%。目前，国际研究的重点包括大规模开展内生真菌生物学与生态学特性的研究，创造不含对家畜有害毒素的有益禾草-内生真菌共生体，培育带内生真菌的草坪品种，培育抗毒的家畜新品种，开展基因工程研究以及天然草地中内生真菌的作用等。

摘　要： 丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）能够与大多数陆地植物互惠共生，促进植物对养分的吸收，提高植物对各种生物和非生物胁迫的抗逆性，对植物健康生长有重要的作用。在土 壤中丛枝菌根真菌与植物寄生性线虫共同依靠寄主植物根系完成生命循环，但二者对寄主植物作用完全相反，引起研究者广泛兴趣，成为菌根研究的热点和焦点之 一。本文分析了丛植菌根真菌与植物寄生线虫的相互作用，并探讨了菌根提高植物对线虫抗性的可能机制：菌根真菌改善植物的生长和营养状况、改变植物根系形态 结构、影响根系分泌物和根际微生物区系、诱导奇主植物产生防御反应等，旨在深入挖掘从枝菌根真菌的生物学功能，进一步发挥其在农业生产中的应用潜力。

以采自菏泽牡丹园的牡丹‘凤 丹’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了不同浓度人工海水(0%、8%、16%和24%)胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae对牡丹渗透调节物质含量的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,盐胁迫下接种AM真菌能提高牡丹叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,增大 K+/Na+比值,减少叶片脯氨酸含量。结论认为,AM真菌能改善牡丹叶片的渗透调节,增强牡丹耐盐能力,促进了盐胁迫下牡丹幼苗的生长。

The outside pot experiment was performed and the growth and physiological characteristics of Neotyphodium endophyte-infected(E+) and endophyte-free(E-) wild barley( Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link) were observed under different NaCl concentrations(0,100,200,and 300 mmol L -1 ).The results show that the tiller number,biomass accumulation,contents of soluble sugar and proline,and activity of SOD isozyme of E+ plants were significantly higher( P P <0.05),than those of E-plants.In conclusion,endophyte infection improved the salt tolerance of wild barley under outside pot conditions.

在室外盆栽条件下,通过比较带内生真菌(E+)与不带内生真菌(E-)的野大麦( Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.)Link)在不同NaCl浓度(0、100、200、300 mmolL -1 )条件下的生长与生理指标变化,分析了内生真菌对宿主野大麦耐盐性的影响。结果表明:在高盐浓度(300 mmol L -1 )下内生真菌显著提高了宿主野大麦分蘖能力、生物量积累、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD酶活性( P <0.05),同时降低了丙二醛含量,说明内生真菌的侵入有利于提高宿主野大麦在室外盆栽条件下的耐盐性。

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus etunicatum on the growth, relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthesis of maize ( Zea mays L.)plants under low temperature (15 ℃ and 5 ℃) stress. Low temperature decreased the AM root colonization. The shoot and root dry mass and the relative chlorophyll content of AM maize plants were higher than those of non-AM maize plants. AM maize plants had higher maximal fluorescence ( F m ), variable fluorescence ( F v ),maximum photochemical efficiency ( F v /F m ), and potential photochemical efficiency ( F v /F o ),and lower primary fluorescence ( F o ), compared with non-AM maize plants, and the differences were significant under 5 ℃ condition. The photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and transpiration rate ( T r ) of maize inoculated with G. etunicatum increased markedly. Under low temperature stress, the stomatal conductance( G s ) of AM maize plants was significantly higher than that of non-AM maize plants, while the intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) of AM maize plants was notably lower than that of nonAM maize plants. It wassuggested that AM fungi could alleviate the low temperature damage on maize plants via improving their leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence, and enhance the low temperature tolerance of maize plants, resulting in the promotion of host plant growth and the increase of host plant biomass.

利用盆栽试验，在15 ℃和5 ℃低温胁迫下研究了丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对玉米生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光和光合作用的影响.结果表明：低温胁迫抑制了AM真菌的侵染；接种AM真菌的玉米地上部和地下部干物质量、相对叶绿素含量高于不接种植株.与非菌根玉米相比，菌根玉米具有较高的最大荧光（ F m ）、可变荧光（ F v ）、最大光化学效率（ F v /F m ）和潜在光化学效率（ F v /F o ）及较低的初始荧光（ F o ），并且在5 ℃处理中差异显著.接种AM真菌使玉米叶片的净光合速率（ P n ）和蒸腾速率（ T r ）显著增强；低温胁迫下，菌根植株的气孔导度（ G s ）显著高于非菌根植株；而胞间CO 2 浓度（ C i ）显著低于非菌根植株.表明AM真菌可通过提高叶绿素含量及改善叶片叶绿素荧光和光合作用来减轻低温胁迫对玉米植株造成的伤害，提高玉米耐受低温的能力，进而提高玉米的生物量，促进玉米生长.

Seed germination and seedling growth of Neotyphodium endophytE-infected(E+)and endophytE-free(E-)wild barley( Hordeum brevisubulatum )were observed under temperature and simulated drought stress conditions.Results show that germination rate and germination index of E+ seed were significantly higher than those of E-seeds( P P Neotyphodium endophyte can improve the germination rate,germination speed,seedling growth,capacity of water self-absorption of wild barley under lower and higher temperature and water stress conditions.

本文通过比较携带(E+)和未携带(E-)内生真菌( Neotyphodium )的野大麦种子( Hordeum brevisubulatum )在温度胁迫和模拟干旱胁迫条件下种子的发芽速度、发芽率、根苗长以及幼苗含水量等方面的差异,探讨了内生真菌在对宿主植物抗逆境胁迫条件下的增益作用。结果表明:在10℃,15℃低温胁迫和30℃高温胁迫时,E+种子的发芽率、发芽指数显著大于E-种子( P P P <0.05),表明内生真菌可以促进宿主植物在温度和干旱胁迫环境中发芽后幼苗的生长,并增强植株自主吸收水分的能力。

丛枝菌根 (Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)是自然生态系统中广泛存在的一种植物根系与菌根真菌的共生体。在草原生态系统中,维持家畜放牧是其最重要的生态学功能之 一。目前关于AM真菌—宿主植物—草食动物相互关系的研究已经引起广泛关注,其中AM真菌与宿主植物的关系,以及草食动物与植物的相互作用研究已经较为深 入,但有关AM真菌对宿主植物与草食动物的互作研究尚待加强。基于此,本文从AM真菌介导植物对放牧行为响应的角度,围绕AM真菌对放牧行为影响下植物的 补偿性生长及其机制、植物形态的可塑性变化及植物群落结构变化等的影响和作用机理进行综述,以期为深入研究AM真菌—宿主植物—草食动物之间的多重作用关 系进行阐述,完善草食动物与植物的相互作用机制、阐明放牧草地退化的机理,了解AM真菌在植物放牧响应中的作用,为放牧管理决策系统的建立和天然草地的健 康发展提供理论依据。

根据从事牧草病理学研究的实践和当今社会与科技的发展,作者提出了建立中国的牧草病害可持续管理体系,这一体系以信息技术、生物技术和经济学与社会学的知识为技术支撑.通过抗病品种的利用和对草地的持续管理,并辅以杀菌剂拌种和生物防治等措施,将病害控制在经济阈值水平之下,达到提高草地农业生态系统整体生产力和稳定性的目的.

作为一类具有重要生态学意义的微生物类群,丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在自然生态系统中的功能已经成为当前生态学研究的热点问题之一,其中,AM真菌的分类鉴定是菌根学研究的重要组成部分.鉴于经典的菌根真菌鉴定技术的局限性,本文围绕以PCR为基础的分子生物学技术,探究RAPD、RFLP、SSCP、AFLP等在AM真菌分类鉴定、亲缘关系分析、多态性测定以及群落结构组成等方面的应用及其取得的成果,并对不同分子生物学技术之间的优缺点进行对比.在此基础上,对利用分子标记技术开展AM真菌研究的前景进行展望.

试验研究玉米接种摩西球囊霉后对纹枯病抗性反应的结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能明显减轻玉米纹枯病的发病率和病情指数,减轻病害.接种摩西球囊霉还能促进玉米营养生长,但立枯丝核菌侵袭会降低菌根的侵染率,表明摩西球囊霉与立枯丝核菌间存在相互作用.

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌 根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, AM)真菌Glomus versiforme和西瓜枯萎镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum对西瓜根系中过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌的西瓜根 系中4种酶的活性均高于对照,先接种G. versiforme,后接种F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum处理的4种酶的活性均高于只接种F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum 的处理,且酶的活性峰值出现较早。表明接种G. versiforme 能预先诱导这4种酶的产生,提高其活性,从而提高西瓜对F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum侵染的抗性。接种G. versiforme的感枯萎病西瓜品种“郑杂5号”酶的增加幅度大于抗病品种“京欣1号”的接种处理,说明G. versiforme对提高感病西瓜品种酶活性的作用更大。

【Objective】The purpose was to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and endogenous in cucumber Rhizoctonia solani .【Method】 In pot culture, the plant with no inoculation as control, cucumber infected by GV was inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and dynamic variation of IAA、GA3、Zeatin、ABA in cucumber roots in different treatments were decided by the method of ELIA.【Results】(1) The effect of GV and Rhizoctonia solani on endogenous in cucumber root was different. AMF inoculation improved the content of IAA、GA3、Zeatin、ABA. these endogenous hormones, whereas Rhizoctonia solani inoculation improved the content of IAA、ABA and decreased GA3、Zeatin at the same time. (2)Higher content of IAA、GA3、Zeatin in root inoculated with GV and lower ABA was detected compared to the control infected by Rhizoctonia solani.【Conclusion】GV improved plant growth and the improved disease tolerance was related to the content of IAA、GA3、Zeatin induced by GV. IAA has certain role in plant defense against pathogen infection process

【研究目的】研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiforme(GV)对接种立枯丝核菌黄瓜生长及根系内源激素的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验，以不接种植株为对照对接种GV的植株接种立枯丝核菌，用酶联免疫法测定不同处理根系IAA、GA3、Zeatin、ABA含量，观测其动态变化。【结果】（1）GV与立枯丝核菌对黄瓜根系内源激素的影响不同。接种GV使黄瓜根系IAA、GA3、Zeatin、ABA含量增加，立枯丝核菌侵染使黄瓜IAA、ABA含量增加，而GA3和Zeatin含量下降。（2）与对照病株相比，接种GV植株根系具有较高IAA、Zeatin、GA3含量而ABA含量较低。【结论】接种GV能促进植株生长，接种GV植株根系IAA、GA3、Zeatin含量相对增加和增强植株的抗病能力有关，IAA在植株对病菌侵染的防御过程中具有一定的作用。

Pot experiment was conducted to explore whether nursery inoculation of cucumber with Glomus etunicatum could alleviate fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Four-week-old seedlings inoculated with Glomus etunicatum were infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum by pouring conidial suspension. Biomass, contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), soluble sugar and free proline in roots, as well as the quantity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere were determined. The results indicated that the root dry weight of seedlings preinoculated with Glomus etunicatum increased by 9.3%; contents of soluble sugar and free proline in roots increased, and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased significantly. The disease incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were reduced. On the contrary, root dry weight of seedlings without inoculation with Glomus etunicatum was reduced by 28.0%. It is concluded that Glomus etunicatum is beneficial to biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber seedlings.

盆栽条件下播种黄瓜 Cucumis sativus同时接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus etunicatum,4周后对接种处理和对照黄瓜苗分别浇灌Fusairum oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum分生孢子悬液,2周后测定幼苗生物量、根内丙二醛、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量及根围真菌和细菌数量。结果表明:接种 Glomus etunicatum根系干重增加了9.3%,提高了根内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量,显著减少了根围真菌数量,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数。而不 接种Glomus etunicatum的黄瓜苗根系干重减少了28.0%。研究认为AM真菌Glomus etunicatum对黄瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防价值。

紫花苜蓿是全世界最重要的豆科 牧草,被誉为“牧草之王”,但苜蓿根腐病成为紫花苜蓿大面积推广的一个主要的限制因素。苜蓿根腐病的病原主要是镰刀菌,其中的尖孢镰刀菌、茄镰刀菌、燕麦 镰刀菌等被认为是侵染根部的真菌中的优势种。生物技术是当前植物抗根腐病育种中的一个应用热点,它具有目的性强、育种效率高等优点,越来越受到人们的重 视。

通过对上海市奉贤区桃树果园调 查发现,桃树丛枝菌根(AM)的形成与根癌病的发生表现出一定的相互抑制作用。根据不同时间、顺序对桃树苗木人工接种根癌土壤杆菌 (Agrobactium tumefaciens)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae),结果表明桃树苗木形成AM后可以抑制根癌病的发生,反之苗木感染根癌病后也降低了AM真菌对根的侵染和在根内的扩展,对苗木同时接种 Agrobactium tumefaciens和Glomus mossea时,病原菌要优先于AM真菌侵染寄主并形成病害。AM提高了苗木根系内与抗病性相关的过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性。

[目的]根腐病是严重影响新疆加工番茄产量和品质的病害之一,育 苗移栽技术已在新疆加工番茄主产区大面积应用,通过培育菌根苗移栽防治加工番茄根腐病.[方法]在营养钵中接种摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉菌种,播种1个月 后,取加工番茄根系测定两株AM真菌的侵染率,并分别用瓜果腐霉菌液接种加工番茄菌根苗和非菌根苗,20 d后调查各处理的发病率和病情指数,计算防病效果,同时在接种后1、3和7d采集各个处理的植株样品分别测定其脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶及过氧 化物酶活性.[结果]摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉对加工番茄根系侵染率分别为60.50％和47.50％,对加工番茄根腐病的防效为63.42％和 21.22％.菌根化加工番茄苗抗逆相关的脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶及过氧化物酶活性增加,而指示过氧化程度的丙二醛含量降低.[结论]摩西球囊霉接种 加工番茄可有效防治加工番茄根腐病,具有较好的应用前景.

[目的]探讨从枝菌真菌提高棉花黄萎病抗性的作用机理,在棉花上应用AM真菌提高棉花对黄萎病的抗性.[方法]温室盆栽条件下,研究了接种两种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)的棉花幼苗在黄萎病原菌(Verticillium dahliae)胁迫下,其根内防御性酶活性、抗性相关物质和根细胞超微结构的变化情况.[结果]感病品种军棉1号接种AM真菌后,(1)能够诱导根内防御性酶系苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶和过氧化物酶(POD)的积累,增加酶的含量,提高酶的活性,而接种AM真菌后再接种病原菌,其PAL、几丁质酶和POD活性均显著提高,明显高于其它处理,并增加了一条POD同工酶条带;(2)接种AM真菌能够增加根内酚类物质的含量,降低根内丙二醛的含量,表明接种AM真菌可减轻植株细胞的膜脂过氧化作用,缓解细胞的损伤.(3)棉花根系受到AM真菌的侵染后,根系细胞发生了一系列有利于提高对病原菌抵抗能力的结构性变化,如细胞发生变形固缩,液泡数量明显减少,木质部结构增多.而接种AM真菌后再接种病原菌,根系细胞发生更为剧烈的变化,包括细胞壁明显加宽,细胞颜色加深,栅栏组织和导管变形,导管处产生胶状物质,线粒体内折消失,细胞壁木质化,出现了细胞壁物质的沉积.[结论]提出了AM真菌提高棉花黄萎病抗性的防御机制和强化机制,并认为AM真菌的侵染对于植物起到了类似于"免疫"的作用,这种类似免疫的作用在AM真菌提高棉花黄萎病抗性的作用机制之中最为直接和重要. Abstract： [Objective amd Method]Exposed to the stress of pathogen fungus Verticillium dahliae,the changes of activities of defensive enzymes in root tissue,the contents of resistance related substances and ultra-microstructure of root cells of cotton seedlings which have been inoculated previously with two kinds of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF,Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum)have been investigated under the condition of pot cultivation in green house.[Result]The results indicated that for the cotton seedlings of susceptible variety (Gossypium hisuvm L. Cv Junmian No.1): (1) AMF inoculation were introduced to improve the contents and activities of defensive enzymes in root including phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL),chitinase,peroxidase (POD),and especially in case of double inoculation,the contents and activities of the three enzymes have been improved significantly and a new band of POD isoenzyme has appeared. (2) AMF inoculation could increase the contents of total phenol and decrease the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in root which indicated that incoulation of AMF could decrease membrane lipid peroxidtion of plant cell and control the injure of cell.(3) A series of structural changes occurred to the root cells which are favorable to improving tolerance of root system after AMF colonization,such as cell deformation and pyknosis,decrease in vacuole number and xylem expanded,and some more drastic change occurred in the case of double inoculation,the cell color became darker,palisade tissues and vessels deformed,mitochondria disappeared,the cell walls became thicker obviously and lignified,substance deposition occurred on cell walls. [Conclusion]The author therefore summarized that AMF could improve the tolerance of cotton to Verticillium wilt and protection effect on the plant.

在大田棉花上接种两种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae 和Glomus etunicatum).两种处理的发病率和病情指数比对照都有显著下降,其中最低的处理(G. etunicatum)分别降低了47.8%和56.6%.两种处理的皮棉产量比对照都有显著增加,分别增产了48.0%和13.6%.两种处理的丛枝菌根侵染情况表现出与产量的正相关关系.

在大田条件下研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)生长和枯萎病的影响.接种AM真菌能显著降低西瓜枯萎病的发病率、病情指数、根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌繁殖体的数量,促进植株对N、P、B和Zn等矿物质的吸收,提高西瓜叶片中叶绿素的含量、叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,促进植株生长,增加西瓜产量.

正丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能诱导 植物合成一些信号物质,如茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)、H2O2等,这些信号在AM真菌与植物识别、共生体建立和激活植物防御系统 过程中发挥着重要作用[1]。通过AM真菌和根围促生细菌对番茄根结线虫的抑制作用,以及AM真菌对番茄信号物质

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus  Glomus versiforme  on the seedling growth and root membrane permeability, malondiadehyde (MDA) content, and defensive enzyme activities of non-grafted and grafted watermelon growing on the continuously cropped soil. Inoculation with  G. versiforme  increased the seedling biomass and root activity significantly, and decreased the root membrane permeability and MDA content. The seedling shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, and root activity of non-grafted watermelon increased by 57.6%, 60.0% and 142.1%, and those of grafted watermelon increased by 26.7%, 28.0% and 11.0%, respectively,  compared with no  G. versiforme  inoculation. The root membrane permeability of non-grafted seedlings (C), grafted seedlings (G), nongrafted seedlings inoculated with G. versiforme (C+M), and grafted seedlings inoculated with  G. versiforme  (G+M) was in the order of C>G>C+M>G+M, and the root MDA content was in the sequence of C>G>G+M>C+M.  G. versiforme  inoculation increased the root phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities of grafted and non-grafted seedlings significantly, and the peaks of the POD, PAL and β-1,3-glucanase activities in the mycorrhizal roots appeared about two weeks earlier than those in the non-inoculated roots. These results indicated that inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus  G. versiforme  could activate the defensive enzyme activities of nongrafted and grafted watermelon seedlings, enable the seedling roots to produce rapid response to adversity, and thus, improve the capability of watermelon seedling against continuous cropping obstacle.

在温室盆栽条件下，研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌地表球囊霉( Glomus versiforme )对连作土壤中西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗生长、根系膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和防御性酶活性的影响.结果表明： 接种AM真菌能显著增加西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的生物量，提高根系活力，降低根系膜透性和MDA含量.接种AM真菌的自根苗地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量和根系活力分别增加了57.6%、60.0%和142.1%，而接种AM真菌的嫁接苗分别增加了26.7%、28.0%和11.0%；自根苗（C）、嫁接苗（G）、接种AM真菌自根苗（C+M）和接种AM真菌嫁接苗（G+M）的根系细胞膜透性为C>G>C+M>G+M，根系MDA含量为C>G>G+M>C+M.接种AM真菌能提高西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β1,3葡聚糖酶活性，而且接种AM真菌的西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系POD、PAL和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的峰值比不接种的提前2周出现.接种AM真菌能激活西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗与抗逆性有关的防御性酶反应，使根系对逆境产生快速反应，从而提高其抗连作障碍的能力.

AM真菌与植物根系间形成的共生体能提高植物对土传病原物的抗性 已经得到广泛共识.一些植物-AM真菌-土传病原物间的相互作用试验结果证实了AM真菌的生物防治作用,尤其在植物受到病原物侵染前预先菌根化的作用效果 更为明显.然而涉及其抗病机制的研究不多.该研究分别以感南方根结线虫3号生理小种和大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种的‘双优’山葡萄及‘鲁豆4’大豆品种为试 材,对AM真菌诱导植物抗/耐线虫病害作用机制,以及AM真菌诱导的系统抗性（ISR）产生过程中是否伴随着PR蛋白基因的表达、何种信号物质直接作用于 ISR信号传导途径中PR蛋白基因等问题进行了系统...

Many grasses in the subfamily Pooideae develop symbioses with Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, which exist widely in nature. The stably symbiotic relationship not only ensures accessible nutrients required by Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, but also significantly increases the resistance of host grasses to biological stresses through the production of secondary metabolites. Previous studies show that infected grasses with endophytic fungi have prominently enhanced resistance to pests, plant diseases, companion plants and other biological stresses. Grass endophytic fungi show remarkable resistant to at least 79 species of pests from three classes; arachnida, nematode and insecta, and to at least 22 species of pathogenic fungi. Although the biotechnological application of endophytic fungi in grass breeding for variety selection and quality improvement has progressed well, opportunities remain for further exploring the use of fungal endophytes among different host grasses coupled with the examination of genetic stability of Neotyphodium in novel host grasses. In the future application of endophytic fungi as a bio-control method, researchers should not only consider specificities of host grasses, but also need to have comprehensive analysis and knowledge about the mutual relationships among grasses, endophytic fungi and ecological environments, which will help use endophytic fungi to better serve humanity.

早熟禾亚科多种禾草可与 Neotyphodium 内生真菌形成禾草-内生真菌共生体, 这种植物-微生物共生体性状较为稳定, 且在自然界中广泛存在。禾草-内生真菌共生体稳定的互利共生关系不但保证了内生真菌所需的全部营养物质, 而且共生体产生的次生代谢物又可显著提高宿主禾草对生物胁迫的抗逆性。众多研究表明, 内生真菌的侵染可显著提高宿主禾草对虫害、病害及伴生植物等多种生物胁迫的抗性。据不完全统计, 禾草内生真菌对蛛形纲、线虫纲、昆虫纲3个纲至少79个种的害虫表现出较明显的抗性, 对至少22个种的病原真菌表现出明显的抗性。尽管利用内生真菌进行禾草品种选育及其品质改良的技术日趋成熟, 但是内生真菌在不同宿主禾草之间高效的替代转化技术, 及其在宿主体内遗传的稳定性仍有待于进一步深入探索。研究者把禾草内生真菌作为生防手段, 在未来的应用过程中不应只考虑其与宿主禾草之间的共生特异性, 而应更全面地分析禾草-内生真菌-生态环境之间的相互关系, 让内生真菌更好地为人类服务。

多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、内生真菌(Neotyphodium lolii)和病原真菌的互作是国内外研究不多，但是有重大理论意义与应用前景的领域。本研究在初步明确兰州市坪用黑麦草内生真菌及其病原真菌多样性的基 础上，在实验室、温室和田间开展了系列研究，比较了带内生真菌(E+)和不带内生真菌(E-)的黑麦草在离体和整株条件下对细交链孢 (Alternaria alternata)、离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、燕麦镰孢(Fusarium avenaceum)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、小孢壳二孢(Ascochyta leptospora)、锐顶镰孢(Fusarium acuminatum)、厚垣镰孢(Fusarium chlamydosp...

研究了草坪型高羊茅品种Crossfire Ⅱ的含有内生真菌(简称带菌)和不含内生真菌(简称不带菌)植株,接种新月弯孢霉病原菌后叶斑病的发生情况.结果表明:带菌植株的发病率和病情指数明显低于不带菌植株,抗病效果达30%以上.叶片保护酶活性测定结果表明,过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)酶活性在接种病原菌前,带菌植株低于不带菌植株;接种病原菌后,带菌植株这2种酶的活性均显著增加,增加的幅度和速度均较不带菌植株叶片相应酶活性大;多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活性的变化没有规律性.

对高羊茅品种交战Ⅱ(CrossfireⅡ)和阿道比(Adobe)带菌和不带菌植株接种褐斑病病原菌,于接种后统计病情指数、发病率和抗性效果.结果表明,内生真菌能够提高高羊茅对褐斑病的抗性,抗性效果在30%以上.

Endophytes are commonly defined as fungi that live asymptomatically within healthy plant tissue, such as leaves, stems or roots, for a part or all of their life cycle. The largest plant family hosting these endophytes is Poaceae. Studies on the grass-endophyte symbiosis indicate that endophytes can not only protect the host grass from abiotic stresses but also enhance its resistance to biotic disturbance, including herbivores, nematodes, bacteria and pathogens. However, the response of grass-endophyte symbiosis to fungal pathogens is less studied. Most previous reports on resistance of endophytes to pathogens have focused on inhibition of fungal pathogens by endophytes in vitro or by inoculation of fungal pathogens on detached leaves of the symbiont, and these studies have demonstrated that endophytes can inhibit growth of certain species of fungal pathogens to some degree. Up to now, only a few studies have centered on influence of endophyte infection on disease resistance of live plants. In this paper we used the endophyte Epichloë bromicola , which was isolated from Leymus chinensis . L. chinensis is a natural grass, widely distributed in the Inner Mongolian steppe. Three species of fungal pathogens were chosen, i.e. Curvularia lunata , Bipolaris sorokiniana and Cladosporium sp.. The experiment comprised three parts, i.e. fungal pathogens inhibition experiment by endophyte, infected detached leaves and infected intact plants experiments. The questions were: (1) whether E. bromicola could inhibit the growth of the three fungal pathogens in vitro , and (2) whether endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) plants differed in resistance to the pathogenic fungi in detached leaves and live plants of L. chinensis . The results suggested that E. bromicola significantly inhibited the growth of C. lunata , B. sorokiniana and C. sp. in vitro , but anti-fungal activities of the endophyte to different pathogenic fungi were different. The inhibition rates were 56.22, 46.93 and 45.15%, respectively. Culture filtrate of endophyte also effectively reduced pathogenic spore germination and the average germination rate were 30.4, 15.7 and 16.4%, respectively. The main antagonism mechanisms involved in competition and producing anti-fungal chemical compounds. As for our research, the main strategy was the latter. Leaf inoculation trial showed that all fungal pathogens were able to cause lesions on detached leaves regardless of endophyte status. Either the number or length of disease lesions on E+ L. chinensis leaves caused by C. lunata or C. sp. decreased compared with those on E- leaves. But lesion number and length of B. sorokiniana leaf spots were dramatically higher on E+ leaves compared with E- leaves. Detached leaves extraction inhibited three pathogens to varying degrees. The reason might be that some inhibitory substances differed in vitro and in the whole plant. The intact E+ leaves had greater resistance to all of three species of pathogens than E- leaves. The explanation may be that the defense of plant associated with endophyte increased through resistance enhancement and secondary metabolites production. In a word, the endophyte E. bromicola had a positive effect on disease resistance of the host plant.

以感染内生真菌的天然禾草羊草为实验材料,通过体外纯培养条件下的内生真菌、感染内生真菌的离体叶片和在体叶片对3种病原菌的抑菌实验,以探讨内生真菌对宿主植物羊草在抗病性方面的贡献。结果表明:体外纯培养条件下,分离自羊草的内生真菌 Epichloë bromicola 对新月弯孢( Curvularia lunata )、根腐离蠕孢( Bipolaris sorokiniana )和枝孢霉( Cladosporium sp.)这3种病原菌都具有抑制作用,抑菌率分别达56.22%,46.93%和45.15%,且内生真菌培养滤液可以有效抑制这3种病原菌的孢子萌发,平均萌发率分别为30.4%,15.7%和16.4%;宿主植物叶片在离体条件下,内生真菌感染可以有效降低羊草叶片受 C. lunata 和 C. sp.侵染后的病斑数或病斑长度,但对 B. sorokiniana 不起作用,甚至提高了叶片的病斑数及病斑长度,而离体叶片提取液对不同病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;在体条件下,内生真菌均可以通过降低叶片病斑数来增强羊草植株对这3种病原菌的抗性。由此看来,内生真菌 E. bromicola 对宿主植物羊草在抗病原菌侵染方面有一定的增益作用。

在田间条件下对带内生真菌和不带内生真菌球道黑麦草品种被锈菌不同程度感染后的生长、光合特性和生理指标进行测定。结果表明，带内生真菌的植株无论感病轻重，其病叶损失率和植株矮化程度均显著低于不带内生真菌的植株（ P ＜０．０５）。并且在轻度和重度病株中，内生真菌可提高黑麦草叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量，净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度，叶内游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化物酶的活性；同时有效地降低了丙二醛的含量，说明内生真菌的存在可提高寄主黑麦草在田间条件下的抗锈病能力。

Abstract： In this paper, we evaluated the effects of 4 strains of endophytic fungi and their fermented products on the growth of 4 plant pathogens. The four strains of endophytic fungi were NA1, NM2, NP2 and NF1 which were isolated from 4 cultivars of perennial ryegrass, Accent, Medary, Pinnacle and Fairway respectively. The 4 plant pathogens were Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia lunata and Drechslera sp.. The 4 strains of endophytic fungi were incubated with the pathogens by the dualculture. The spores germination and colonies growth speed of plant pathogen were measured under dualculture test and with and without the apply of endophytic fungi fermented products. The results showed that the growth of four pathogenic fungi were inhibited by endophytic fungi and the inhabitation of the endophyte were different to different pathogenic fungi. The inhibition of endophytic fungi to the pathogens were between 42.51%~46.25%, 31.45%~43.97%, 34.51%~46.55% and 40.19%~46.62% respectively. The fermented products of four endophytic fungi obviously inhibited all pathogenic fungi colonies growth and spores germination, of which, NF1 had the strongest inhibiting activity than that of the other endophytes (P＜0.05), and also, the fermented products of NF1 showed strong inhibition on colonies growth and spores germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana, the rate of inhibition were 57.20% and 86.60% respectively.

摘要：为确定黑麦草内生真菌及其发酵产物对病原真菌生长的影响，从不同品种的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)(爱神特、美达丽、顶峰和球道)中分离出NA1、NM2、NP2和NF1共4株Neotyphodium属的内生真菌菌株，分别采用平板对峙培养、菌落生长及孢子萌发等方法对细交链孢(Alternaria alternata)、小麦根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢霉(Curvularia lunata)和德氏霉(Drechslera sp.)等病原真菌进行室内生物测定。结果表明，在平板对峙培养中，不同内生真菌对同一种病原菌的抑制作用不同，不同病原菌对同一内生真菌的敏感程度表现出差异，4株内生真菌对各病原菌的抑制率范围依次为42.51%~46.25%、31.45%~43.97%、34.51%~46.55%和40.19%~46.62%。在对病原菌的生物测定中，4株内生真菌的发酵产物均可抑制病原菌的生长，NF1菌株的抑菌效果显著高于其他3株内生真菌(P＜0.05)，对小麦根腐离蠕孢的菌落生长和孢子萌发表现出较强的抑制作用，抑制率分别达到57.20%和86.60%。

We used  Achnatherum sibiricum , a native grass as test material and application of methyl jasmonate (MJ) to simulate herbivory, and compared the growth and physiological characters of endophyteinfected (EI) and endophytefree (EF) plants. The results showed that MJ treatment significantly decreased the shoot growth, but significantly increased the concentrations of defensive substances such as total phenolic and lignin, and decreased the size of aphid population. Endophyte infection significantly increased the  tiller number, total phenolic and lignin contents in the shoot. As for shoot biomass and total phenolic in the root, they were affected by MJ treatment.  Without MJ treatment, no significant differences were found in shoot biomass or root phenolic content whether the plants were infected by endophyte or not. With MJ treatment, the shoot biomass was significantly lower and  the shoot phenolic content was significantly higher in EI plants than in  EF plants. Endophyte infection significantly increased resistance of the host plant to aphids, and the beneficial effect was enhanced by MJ treatments, after three applications with MJ, there were no aphids on EI plants. Overall, endophyte infection could alter the allocation pattern of the host plant between growth and defense, and MJ treatments further strengthened the defensive ability of the host plant at the cost of growth.  

以天然禾草羽茅为试验材料，外源喷施茉莉酮酸甲酯(MJ)模拟食草昆虫的采食，研究感染内生真菌(染菌)和不染菌羽茅生长及生理等方面的差异.结果表 明： MJ处理显著降低了羽茅地上部分生长，显著提高了其防御物质总酚和木质素的含量，并降低了蚜虫种群数量.染菌能显著增加羽茅的分蘖数及地上总酚和木质素的含量，但地上生物量和地下总酚含量受到MJ处理的影响，在不喷施MJ的对照中，染菌与否对羽茅的地上部生物量及地下总酚含量无显著影响，而MJ处理下，染菌植株的地上生物量显著低于不染菌植株，而地下总酚含量显著高于不染菌植株.染菌能显著降低羽茅上蚜虫的种群数量，而且这一影响被MJ处理所促进，当受到3次MJ喷施处理后，染菌羽茅上不再有蚜虫.表明内生真菌感染能够改变宿主植物在生长和防御之间的物质分配，MJ处理则进一步促进染菌植株以牺牲生长为代价而提高其防御能力.  

  植物内生真菌具有普遍存在性和生物多样性,许多种类在植物体内作为生防菌,能有效地防治植物病害,增强植物对病原菌的抗性。鉴此,综述了植物内生真菌在植物病害生物防治中的作用,从其分泌抗菌物质、与病菌竞争生态位和营养物质、诱导系统抗性、产生植物激素等方面分析植物内生真菌的生防机制,并对其作为植物病害生防因子进行开发与应用中存在的问题进行了讨论。 

禾草内生真菌提高宿主对生物及非生物胁迫抗性的同时也促进植物生 长,丛枝菌根真菌促进植物根系对营养元素尤其是磷的吸收和贮存,野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum)中同时存在这两种共生体.本研究比较了温室条件下这两种共生体共存及单独存在时对野大麦生长的影响和其相互作用.结果表 明,内生真菌可抑制丛枝菌根真菌的侵染;内生真菌和菌根真菌均可显著增加野大麦地上生物量,菌根真菌可显著增加其地下生物量.二者共存时野大麦的全N含量 显著小于单个共生体的处理;仅带菌根的野大麦P含量显著大于二者共存时的处理,内生真菌通过对菌根真菌的抑制降低了野大麦对P的吸收和积累.

禾草内生真菌 (Neotyphodium/Epichloe)和丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是两类最主要的草地植物共生真菌,其与草地植物的共生,可增加宿主植物抗旱等抗逆特性,促进宿主植物生长。野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum)是一种生长于甘肃临泽天然草地的耐盐碱优良牧草。本论文分别以带内生真菌和AMF(M+E+)、只带AMF但不带内生真菌 (M+E-),只带内生真菌但不带AMF(M-E+)和均不带内生真菌和AMF(M-E-)的野大麦为植物材料,通过研究在NaCl (0,200,400,600mmol/L)和P (0,0.05,2mmol/L)处理下禾草内生真菌和菌根菌对野大麦株高、分蘖、生物量及N、P含量等方面的影响,初步研究了在不同胁迫下内生真菌和菌 根菌对宿主植物所起的作用,并寻找共生真菌-宿主植物-外界环境的动态平衡。获得了以下主要结果： 1.正常条件下,内生真菌的存在可显著抑制丛枝菌根真菌的侵染(P＜0.05),抑制率为41.67%。内生真菌和菌根真菌均可显著增加野大麦的地上生物 量和总生物量(P＜0.05),而菌根菌可显著增加野大麦的地下生物量(P＜0.05)。两种共生体结构共存时野大麦的N含量显著小于单个共生体的处理 (P＜0.05)。只带菌根(M+E-)的野大麦P含量显著大于两种共生体结构共存时的野大麦P含量(P＜0.05),表明内生真菌的存在降低菌根菌对野 大麦P的吸收和积累。 2.盐胁迫条件下,两种真菌单独或共同存在均可增加野大麦地上、地下和总生物量。与不带菌处理(M-E-)相比,当NaCl浓度为200mmol/L时, 内生真菌单独(M-E+)或两种真菌共存(M+E+)都能显著增加地上生物量(P0.05),而菌根的存在(M+E+和M+E-)对地下生物量有显著促进 作用(P＜0.05)；NaCl浓度为400mmol/L时,带内生真菌和AM真菌的处理显著提高了野大麦的生物量(P＜0.05),但三个处理之间差异 不显著(P＞0.05)；当NaCl浓度达到600mmol/L时,各菌处理之间生物量则无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。随着NaCl胁迫浓度从 (0-600mmol/L)的增加,野大麦各处理地上全氮含量先增加后降低、地下N和P均呈现下降的趋势。在200mmol/LNaCl时,内生真菌可显 著促进地上N的吸收(P0.05);AMF可显著促进地上和地下P的吸收(P＜0.05)；两种菌共存时促进作用则不明显。 3.高磷(Hp,2mmol/L KH2PO4)、低磷(Lp,0.05mmol/L KH2PO4)和无磷(Op)水平下,与不带菌的处理(M-E-)相比,M-E+显著提高了野大麦的株高和分蘖P＜0.05)；M+E+处理的地上、地下 生物量显著大于其它水平的处理(P＜0.05)。在Op条件下,有AM真菌的处理M+E+和M+E-地下生物量显著高于其它处理(P＜0.05)。在Lp 水平下,带内生真菌的处理M-E+和带AM真菌的处理M+E-对野大麦的氮、磷的累积有显著的促进作用(P＜0.05)。