多年生黑麦草叶片形态与低温胁迫的生理响应

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孙碧徽, 李荣全, 段小春, 常智慧. 多年生黑麦草叶片形态与低温胁迫的生理响应. 草业科学, 2016,33(3):450-458
Sun Bi-hui, Li Rong-quan, Duan Xiao-chun, Chang Zhi-hui. Relationship between leaf morphology and physiological responses of perennial ryegrass under cold stress. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(3): 450-458 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

多年生黑麦草叶片形态与低温胁迫的生理响应

孙碧徽¹, 李荣全², 段小春³, 常智慧¹

1.北京林业大学草坪研究所,北京 100083

2.沈阳兰溪绿化技术开发有限责任公司,辽宁沈阳110000

3.上海绿芳景观工程有限公司,上海 201620

常智慧(1978-),男(土家族),湖北咸丰人,副教授,博士,主要从事草坪草耐性生理方向的研究.Email: [email protected]

第一作者:孙碧徽(1990-),女,辽宁丹东人,在读硕士生,主要从事多年生黑麦草抗寒性方面的研究.Email:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2015-11-03

基金: 北京高等学校"青年英才计划"项目( YETP0742)

摘要

多年生黑麦草( Lolium perenne)在冬季低温多风条件下易受寒害影响,造成脱水死亡.本研究以抗寒性强品种 'Brightstar SLT'和抗寒性弱品种'Linn'为试验材料,在自然状态下观察两种黑麦草叶片形态,测定叶片相对失水速率,并在0 ℃低温胁迫条件下测定相关生理指标,以探究多年生黑麦草叶片形态与其低温胁迫生理响应的关系.结果表明,自然状态下,'Brightstar SLT'叶片气孔数量显著多于 'Linn' ( P<0.05),气孔长度,气孔面积,叶片表皮细胞和相对失水速率显著小于 'Linn' ( P<0.05).低温胁迫后,两品种多年生黑麦草蒸腾速率和气孔导度在短时间内均升高,'Brightstar SLT'蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著小于 'Linn' ( P<0.05),光合速率显著高于 'Linn' ( P<0.05),电解质渗透率低于'Linn'.由此得出:抗寒品种失水速率慢,在低温胁迫条件下表现出光合能力稳定和受低温伤害程度低的特点与其气孔数目多,长度小,面积小和表皮细胞小的叶片形态紧密相关.

关键词: 多年生黑麦草; 叶片形态; 低温胁迫; 生理响应

中图分类号:S543⁺.604 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2016)3-0450-09 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2015-0430

Relationship between leaf morphology and physiological responses of perennial ryegrass under cold stress

Sun Bi-hui¹, Li Rong-quan², Duan Xiao-chun³, Chang Zhi-hui¹

1.Turfgrass Institute of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

2.Landscaping Technology Development Limited Liability Company of Lanxi, Shenyang 110000, China

3.Shanghai Lvfang Landscape Engineering Co., LTD, Shanghai 201620, China

Corresponding author: Chang Zhi-hui E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Perennial ryegrass( Lolium perenne) is susceptible to cold and windy condition in winter, which results in dehydration and death. In order to explore the relationship between leaf morphology and physiological changes of perennial ryegrass under cold stress, leaf morphology, relative water loss rate of detached leaves and some physiological indices under cold stress 0 ℃ of cultivar 'Brightstar SLT' (freezing-tolerant) and 'Linn' (freezing-sensitive) were measured. Under natural condition, the stomatal number of 'Brightstar SLT' was significantly higher than ( P<0.05) that of 'Linn', whereas stomatal length, stomatal area, leaf epidermal cell and leaf relative water loss of 'Brightstar SLT' were significantly lower than ( P<0.05) those of 'Linn'. Under cold stress, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of both perennial ryegrass cultivars increased in a short time, however, those of the 'Brightstar SLT' were significantly lower ( P<0.05) than those of 'Linn'. In addition, the photosynthetic rate of 'Brightstar SLT' was significantly higher ( P<0.05) than that of 'Linn', whereas electrolyte leakage of 'Brightstar SLT' was lower than that of 'Linn'. In conclusion, there was a close correlation between lower water loss rate along with better performance under cold stress (including stable photosynthesis ability and less cold injury) and leaf morphology (including larger quantity of stoma, shorter stomatal length, smaller stomatal size and smaller leaf epidermal cell) in freezing-tolerant cultivar.

Keyword: perennial ryegrass; leaf morphology; cold stress; physiological responses

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多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)是一种重要的冷季型草坪草, 适宜无严冬酷夏的凉爽环境, 具有成坪快, 能够形成致密的草坪等特点^{[1, 2, 3]}.与其它冷季型草坪草相比, 多年生黑麦草抗寒性相对较差^[4], 在北方地区易受低温影响, 致使其无法在冬季寒冷地区得到广泛应用^[5].

作为冷季型草坪草中抗寒性最差草种, 低温胁迫极大地限制多年生黑麦草的生长.多年生黑麦草受到低温胁迫后, 物质合成代谢受到抑制, 水分散失, 同时, 低温导致细胞吸水能力下降, 致使植株脱水萎蔫^[6], 进而死亡.因此, 植株体内的水分散失量在一定程度上决定了植株在低温胁迫条件下的存活情况.而植株体水分的散失与叶片形态有关.叶片是植物体唯一完全暴露在空气中的营养器官, 也是光合和蒸腾作用的主要发生地^[7], 因此, 叶片表面气孔与表皮细胞的大小在一定程度上决定了植株保持体内水分的能力.有关植物叶片形态与保水及抗寒能力的研究表明, 结缕草(Zoysia japonica)与假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)相比表皮细胞小而排列紧密, 保水能力更优^[8].而在干旱地区, 植物叶片越窄越有利于降低蒸腾速率, 更有利于水分的保持^[9].孟庆杰等^[10]研究桃(Amygdalus persica)叶片形态和水分保持情况间的关系发现, 叶片气孔密度大, 叶片组织紧密, 上表皮细胞小水分保持能力较强.同时, 植物叶片形态与抗寒性方面也存在一定关联.在水稻(Oryza sativa)叶片上的研究表明^[11], 抗寒性强的品种叶片气孔较小.白菜型冬油菜(Brassica campestris)^[12] 和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)^[13]叶片形态与抗寒性的研究结果为抗寒性强的品种气孔密度大.而对茶树(Camellia sinensis)^[14]叶片形态的研究为抗寒性差的品种气孔密度大.本研究通过对自然状态下多年生黑麦草抗寒品种'Brightstar SLT'和不抗寒品种'Linn'的叶片形态和低温胁迫下相关生理指标的测定, 探究多年生黑麦草叶片形态与水分保持及低温胁迫条件下生理响应的关系.

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料及养护方法

供试草种选择抗寒性差异明显的两个多年生黑麦草品种:'Brightstar SLT'( 抗寒品种)和 'Linn' (不抗寒品种)^{[15, 16, 17]}, 草种由美国北达科他州立大学的李德颖教授提供.

将两品种播种于直径15 cm, 高15 cm的圆盆中, 基质为草炭∶ 蛭石∶ 砂(1∶ 1∶ 1)的混合物, 每盆45株, 置于北林科技温室内进行养护管理, 温室温度25/20 ℃ (日/夜), 湿度75%, 光照300 μ mol· m^-2· s^-1.每周修剪一次(留茬6 cm)并浇灌1/2Hoagland营养液以防止叶片萎蔫.

1.2 试验设计

形态观察试验不进行低温处理, 采用完全随机设计, 2个品种每个品种设置6次重复.

低温处理采用裂区设计, 主区为温度(对照试验昼夜温度15 ℃ , 低温处理昼夜温度0 ℃ ), 副区为品种, 每个处理设置4次重复.

1.3 处理方法

两品种在自然状态下培养两个月后进行形态观察, 观测气孔密度, 气孔长度, 气孔面积和叶片表皮细胞大小, 并测定叶片相对失水速率.

两个多年生黑麦草品种在自然状态下培养三个月后, 置于昼夜15 ℃ 人工气候箱中稳定长势.两周后, 将供试草种置于低温人工试验箱内, 进行昼夜0 ℃ 低温胁迫处理, 处理持续48 h(图1).分别于低温处理0, 1, 6, 24, 48 h取样, 测定蒸腾速率, 气孔导度, 光合速率和电解质渗透率, 设置15 ℃ 为对照.

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	图1 试验装置模式图Fig.1 Mode pattern of experimental devices

1.4 取样及指标测定方法

形态指标:选取同一生长期植株主茎上完全伸展的第四片叶进行形态观察.徒手切片制作方法和石蜡切片制作方法参照李和平^[18]的方法进行.切片制作完成后, 由显微镜(奥林巴斯cx21)在同一视野(10× 10)下进行观察.

叶片相对失水速率的测定按经改进后的Shi等^[19]的方法进行; 蒸腾速率, 气孔导度, 光合速率的测定参照董慧等^[20]的方法; 电解质渗透率和相对含水量测定参照李合生^[21]的方法.

1.5 数据处理

图片分析处理使用Image Pro Plus 6.0软件系统, 数据处理使用SPSS 19.0, 自然状态下多年生黑麦草自然形态及相对失水速率数据采用t检验进行统计分析, 低温胁迫下多年生黑麦草生理响应数据用LSD检验作为统计分析.数据分析和制表采用EXCEL2007.

2 结果

2.1 自然状态下多年生黑麦草自然形态及相对失水速率

2.1.1 多年生黑麦草叶片气孔指标显微观察结果表明(表1), 两个品种叶片气孔均在叶尖分布最多, 并呈现出向叶基逐渐递减的趋势. 'Brightstar SLT'叶尖和叶中气孔数显著多于 'Linn' (P< 0.05), 而叶基气孔数目无显著差异.这一结果说明, 抗寒性强的品种叶尖和叶中具有更多气孔; 'Brightstar SLT'叶尖, 叶中和叶基的气孔长度显著小于 'Linn' (P< 0.05), 这表明抗寒性强的品种具有较小的气孔长度; 在叶片中部, 'Brightstar SLT'和 'Linn'气孔面积均为最大, 但'Brightstar SLT'的气孔面积显著小于 'Linn' (P< 0.05).这一结果显示, 抗寒性强的品种气孔面积较小.叶片气孔各项指标比较结果说明, 与抗寒性弱品种相比, 抗寒性强的品种叶片气孔数多, 长度小, 面积小, 两者气孔指标存在显著差异(P< 0.05).

表1 多年生黑麦草叶形态比较 Table 1 The comparison of leaf morphology of perennial ryegrass

2.1.2 叶片表皮细胞大小抗寒性不同的多年生黑麦草叶片表皮细胞大小间存在差异, 抗寒性强的品种叶片表皮细胞体积显著小于(P< 0.05)抗寒性弱的品种.具体来看, 'Brightstar SLT'上表皮细胞长度和宽度均显著小于'Linn' (P< 0.05)(表2); 'Brightstar SLT'下表皮细胞长度显著小于'Linn' (P< 0.05).与抗寒性弱的品种相比, 抗寒性强的品种叶片表皮细胞较小, 上表皮细胞排列较紧密(图2).

表2 多年生黑麦草叶片表皮细胞大小比较 Table 2 The comparison of leaf epidermal cell of perennial ryegrass

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	图2 两个多年生黑麦草品种叶片解剖图Fig.2 Leaf anatomy of two different perennial ryegrass cultivars

2.1.3 离体叶片相对失水速率两品种离体叶片失水速率随处理时间的延长逐渐增大, 抗寒性强品种失水速率小于抗寒性弱品种.'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'在失水起始6 h内失水速率无显著差异(表3).失水8 h时, 'Brightstar SLT'失水速率为32%, 'Linn'失水速率为43.3%, 二者差异显著(P< 0.05), 并随处理的进行始终保持这一显著性差异.结果表明, 抗寒性强的品种叶片保水能力较强, 在自然状态下失水较慢, 能够较好地保持植株体内的水分.

表3 多年生黑麦草离体叶片相对失水速率(%)比较 Table 3 The comparison of relative water loss rate (%) of detached leaves in perennial ryegrass

2.2 低温胁迫条件下多年生黑麦草生理响应

2.2.1 蒸腾速率低温处理期间, 两品种多年生黑麦草蒸腾速率存在波动, 但整体呈现稳定趋势(表4).低温胁迫1 h, 'Brightstar SLT'和 'Linn'的蒸腾速率较对照均升高, 且'Linn'的蒸腾速率显著高于(P< 0.05)'Brightstar SLT'.在低温胁迫6和24 h, 两品种多年生黑麦草蒸腾速率逐渐降低, 并恢复稳定, 两品种间差异不显著.与常温对照组相比, 'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'在1和6 h时显著高于对照组(P< 0.05), 24 h后与常温对照组基本无显著差异.由此表明, 与抗寒性弱品种相比, 抗寒性强品种在低温胁迫下具有较强的自我调节能力, 能在一定程度上降低低温逆境对机体造成的不良影响, 以维持蒸腾速率稳定.

表4 低温胁迫对多年生黑麦草叶片蒸腾速率(mmol· m^-2· s^-1)的影响 Table 4 Transpiration rate(mmol· m^-2· s^-1) of perennial ryegrass under cold stress

2.2.2 气孔导度两品种多年生黑麦草受低温胁迫后气孔导度变化趋势与蒸腾速率相似(表5).低温处理持续1 h时, 气孔导度值均升高, 但 'Brightstar SLT'气孔导度显著小于'Linn' (P< 0.05).低温胁迫6 h后, 'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'气孔导度差异显著性消失(P> 0.05).'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'在低温胁迫1和6 h时显著高于常温对照组(P< 0.05), 处理24 h后与常温对照组无显著差异.这一结果说明受外界低温胁迫后, 抗寒性强的品种具有较强的自我调节能力, 使气孔导度维持稳定, 降低外界对机体的伤害.

表5 低温胁迫对多年生黑麦草叶片气孔导度(mol· m^-2· s^-1)的影响 Table 5 Stomatal conductance (mol· m^-2· s^-1) of perennial ryegrass under cold stress

2.2.3 光合速率低温胁迫期间, 'Linn'和 'Brightstar SLT'光合速率整体呈下降趋势, 对照组光合速率也呈下降趋势(表6).低温胁迫1 h, 'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'光合速率均升高.在6和24 h时, 两品种多年生黑麦草光合速率逐渐下降, 但品种间差异不显著(P> 0.05).在48 h时, 'Brightstar SLT'光合速率保持稳定, 'Linn'光合速率降低, 前者显著高于后者(P< 0.05).常温对照组光合速率基本保持不变, 但在1 h时光合速率下降明显, 'Linn'在低温胁迫处理48 h时与常温对照差异显著(P< 0.05).由此可见, 两种多年生黑麦草受低温胁迫后, 短时间内光合增强, 且抗寒性强的品种光合速率大于抗寒性弱的品种, 随低温处理的进行, 光合速率降低, 抗寒性强的品种光合速率降低程度小于抗寒性弱的品种.这表明, 相较于抗寒性弱的品种, 抗寒性强品种在低温条件下维持光合速率, 进行光合作用的能力强.

表6 低温胁迫对多年生黑麦草叶片光合速率(μ mol· m^-2· s^-1)的影响 Table 6 Photosynthetic rate (μ mol· m^-2· s^-1) of perennial ryegrass under cold stress

2.2.4 电解质渗透随低温胁迫的持续进行, 'Linn'和'Brightstar SLT'的电解质渗透率呈现增大趋势(表7).低温胁迫6 h, 'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'电解质渗透率无显著差异(P> 0.05).而在低温胁迫进行24 h时, 两者电解质渗透率差异显著(P< 0.05).48 h时, 'Linn'电解质渗透率为25.4%, 'Brightstar SLT'电解质渗透率为19.02%, 二者差异不显著.与对照组相比, 低温胁迫0和1 h, 'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'电解质渗透率与对照组无显著差异, 低温胁迫处理6 h后, 处理组电解质渗透率与对照组差异显著(P< 0.05).由此表明, 低温胁迫条件下, 两品种多年生黑麦草膜系统均遭到一定程度破坏, 但抗寒性强的品种在胁迫过程中保持膜完整性能力更强.

表7 低温胁迫对多年生黑麦草电解质渗透率(%)的影响 Table 7 Electrolyte leakage (%) of perennial ryegrass under cold stress

3 讨论与结论

3.1 形态结构

本研究发现, 多年生黑麦草抗寒性强的品种'Brightstar SLT'气孔数目多, 长度小且面积小, 而抗寒性弱的品种'Linn'叶片气孔数目少, 长度大并且气孔面积大.赵跃龙和罗玉英^[11]研究水稻品种抗寒性与形态的相关关系结果表明, 抗寒性强的品种气孔小, 抗寒性差的品种气孔大, 有关冬油菜的研究也得到相同的结果^[22] , 这与本研究得到的结果一致.表皮细胞是叶片表皮的主要组成部分.本研究中, 品种'Brightstar SLT'表皮细胞较小, 排列紧密, 而品种'Linn'表皮细胞大.这不同于菊花(Chrysanthe mun)^[23], 小香水梨和山梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)^[24]抗寒品种叶表皮厚的研究结果, 但与秘鲁番荔枝(Annona cherimola)的研究结果一致^[25].这可能是由于不同植物生长环境生理特性不同而造成叶片形态不同.同时, 在自然状态下, 'Brightstar SLT'离体叶片相对失水速率小于 'Linn'.叶片的主要功能是进行光合和蒸腾作用, 水分可以通过叶片向外散失, 而气孔是控制叶片内外水分蒸腾和CO₂扩散的门户^[26].小而多的气孔可以使蒸腾更有效, 使气孔开度调节更灵活, 从而有效降低水分散失^[27].而气孔的蒸腾与气孔周长成正比, 因此, 抗寒性强品种小而多的气孔能够使蒸腾更加有效, 使气孔开度调节更加灵活^[27]. 表皮细胞较小且排列紧密这一形态特征可以有效降低失水速率, 保持植株体内水分.同时, 表皮细胞小与气孔小这两者共同作用, 在低温胁迫条件下, 使水分经较短的距离运出细胞, 防止造成细胞内结冰^[11].这些结果表明, 多年生黑麦草抗寒性与叶片形态之间存在紧密关联.

3.2 生理响应

多年生黑麦草在低温胁迫下, 光合活性下降, 光合作用受到抑制, 同时细胞膜结构受破坏, 膜透性增加, 进而发生一些列的生理生化变化^[28].本研究模拟冬季气候条件, 为供试草种人为营造了低温多风的环境.结果显示, 低温胁迫使两品种多年生黑麦草蒸腾速率和气孔导度在短时间内显著升高(P< 0.05), 抗寒性强的品种蒸腾速率和气孔导度均小于抗寒性弱的品种.受低温胁迫后, 两品种光合速率降低, 'Brightstar SLT'的光合速率高于 'Linn'.这与耐寒的夏威夷草(Paspalum vaginatum)和假俭草5号(Eremochloa ophiuroides)光合速率受低温抑制作用小^[29]的研究结果一致.Okawara和Kaneko^{[30, 31]}的研究同样表明, 结缕草在低温环境中会发生光抑制而使得光系统Ⅱ 受到抑制.随低温胁迫处理的进行, 两品种多年生黑麦草'Brightstar SLT'和'Linn'电解质渗透率均增大, 这与在'优异'(Poa pratensis cv. Merit)等3种冷季型草坪草^[28]和沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等暖季型草坪草^{[32, 33]}上进行的低温研究结果一致.抗寒性强品种在低温胁迫过程中可以通过小而多的气孔灵活的调节气孔开度, 保持蒸腾速率和气孔导度的稳定并将光合速率的维持在一定的水平.稳定的光合速率有利于光合产物在低温胁迫条件下进行积累, 维持植株体正常的代谢, 进而保持细胞膜结构的的完整性, 减少细胞的损伤.因此, 抗寒性强品种'Brightstar SLT'在低温胁迫条件下蒸腾速率和气孔导度低于'Linn', 并且光合速率稳定, 这可能与其叶片气孔数目多, 长度短且面积小有关.

综上所述, 抗寒性强品种的叶片形态, 失水速率慢, 以及在低温胁迫条件下表现出光合能力稳定与受低温伤害程度低紧密相关.抗寒性强品种叶片具有气孔数目多, 长度短, 面积小, 表皮细胞小的特征.这些形态特征有利于多年生黑麦草在低温胁迫后通过调节叶片表皮气孔开闭, 减小蒸腾速率和气孔导度的大幅变化, 减少水分的散失.同时, 这一形态特征可以维持光合速率的稳定, 保护自身光系统, 有利于抗寒性强品种在低温胁迫条件下积累光合产物, 提供能量物质修复低温胁迫造成的伤害.本研究只对叶片形态结构与低温条件下生理响应进行了研究分析, 在今后的试验中可以对多年生黑麦草植株形态综合因素与低温胁迫生理响应间的关系进行深入探究, 进一步定量测定光合产物的积累情况, 并测定光和产物的种类.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2015

0.0

刘译锴, 郑明珠, 马莉, 刘铁军, 杨有俊, 刘金荣. 调亏灌溉对多年生黑麦草光合特性的影响及阈值的确定. 草业科学, 2015, 32(4): 570-580.

Liu Z

, Zheng M

, Ma

, Liu T

, Yang Y

, Liu J

Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics in perennial ryegrass and the determination for irrigation threshold.

Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(4): 570-580. (in Chinese)

This study was conducted in the greenhouse with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) varieties Premier and Panterra, which are largerly planted in semiarid areas. The experiment with controlled soil water contents was conducted to study the effects of five treatments repeated drying and rewatering on photosynthetic characteristics. The results indicated that variation tendency of two varieties of perennial ryegrass on photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs)and photochemistry activity of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased with RSWC decreasing. The activities of photosynthetic parameters in different relative soil water content had different variation trends and also had different recovery level after rehydration. When the relative soil water content was the lower irrigation limit which is 50% RSWC caused stress effect to grasses, it will not cause greater harm. While the treatment which lower irrigation limit was 40% RSWC, two varieties of Perennial ryegrass injury were more and more serious. Both of the two grasses at the end of the drought stage showed severe stress (lower irrigation limit of 20% RSWC) injury, and can not recovered rapidly in the physiological function after rehydration. The comparative result between the two grasses: Premier has the better drought resistance than Panterra. These are suggested that Regulated irrigation on Perennial ryegrass has obvious for RSWC, and showed different result between the two grasses: Premier is 40% RSWC; Panterra is 50% RSWC.

本研究以干旱半干旱区栽培面积较大的多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)品种“首相”和“潘多拉”为研究对象，使用人工控制灌水量的方法在生长季节使黑麦草经历“干旱胁迫-复水”的5个循环处理，研究其在不同调亏灌溉及复水处理下光合特性的变化趋势。结果表明，两个品种黑麦草叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）随着土壤相对含水量(RSWC)的降低而下降，当RSWC下限值不同时，各指标的下降程度不同，且复水后的恢复程度也不同。灌溉下限在RSWC为50%时，各指标变化幅度较小；灌溉下限在RSWC为40%时，两个品种黑麦草受害程度加大；灌溉下限在RSWC为20%时，两个品种黑麦草均受到严重伤害，复水后各指标不能完全恢复。两个品种比较，“首相”比“潘多拉”抗旱性强。说明调亏灌溉对多年生黑麦草具有明显的RSWC限制范围，品种之间表现不同，“首相“最佳灌溉RSWC下限为40%，“潘多拉”为50%。

... 多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)是一种重要的冷季型草坪草,适宜无严冬酷夏的凉爽环境,具有成坪快,能够形成致密的草坪等特点^[1,2,3] ...

2013

0.0

蔡新赟, 邵秋雨, 张新新, 武瑞鑫. 生长调节剂对坪用多年生黑麦草生长特性的影响. 草业科学, 2013, 30(7): 1014-1018.

Cai X

, Shao Q

, Zhang X

, Wu R

Effects of plant growth regulators on growth characteristics of Lolim perenne.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(7): 1014-1018. (in Chinese)

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of four kinds of growth regulators on plant height, length and width of leaf, tillers, dry weight and fresh weight of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The results showed that the different concentration of four plant growth regulators were significantly inhibited the growth of plants. 200 mg·L-1 of Paclobutrazol and 375 mg·L-1 of Aibis treatments were suggested for chemical pruning of perennial ryegrass.

通过盆栽试验，研究了不同浓度的4种生长调节剂对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)株高、叶长、叶宽、分蘖数及地上部植株鲜、干质量的影响。结果表明，多效唑和矮必施对多年生黑麦草株高、叶长及地上部植株鲜、干质量的抑制作用显著，但浓度过高会对草坪造成较大损伤。因此，建议选用浓度为200 mg·L-1的多效唑和375 mg·L-1的矮必施作为多年生黑麦草的化学修剪药剂。

... 多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)是一种重要的冷季型草坪草,适宜无严冬酷夏的凉爽环境,具有成坪快,能够形成致密的草坪等特点^[1,2,3] ...

2013

0.0

张斐斐, 白龙, 王晓红, 刘英. 施氮对黑麦草草坪生长及土壤硝态氮的影响. 草业科学, 2013, 30(8): 1143-1148.

Zhang F

, Bai

, Wang X

, Liu

Effects of different nitrogen application on turf growth of Lolim perenne and nitrate residue in soil.

Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(8): 1143-1148. (in Chinese)

Along with the planting area of lawn expanding in China, the environmental problem caused by fertilization has attracted much attention now. This study was aimed to analyze the effects of nitrogen application on growth of Lolium perenne and nitrate residue in soil. By pot experiment, nitrogen application took five levels（0,100,150,250 and 350 kg·ha-1·a-1）.After fertilization, the growth rate, aboveground biomass, chlorophyll content of L.perenne and nitrate residue in soil were analyzed. The results indicated that, within the range of 0～250 kg·ha-1·a-1 nitrogen application, growth rate, aboveground biomass and chlorophyll content of turf increased with the increasing of nitrogen level, while they all decreased when nitrogen level reached to 350 kg·ha-1·a-1. Nitrate residue in root down layer soil was nearly half of that in root zone layer soil. Nitrate residue of different soil depth was not significantly different from the control(CK) when nitrogen application reached 150 kg·hm-2·a-1, which just could satisfy the turf demand. Nitrate residue in soil increased when nitrogen application exceeded 250 kg·ha-1·a-1, reaching to the highest value 9.01 mg·kg-1 at the rate of 350 kg·ha-1·a-1. Considering the ornamental value and environmental safety, the treatments of urea with concentration of 250 kg·ha-1·a-1 was the best for Northeast area, while it would lead to nitrate leaching to form the potential danger of nitrogen pollution when nitrogen application exceeded 250 kg·ha-1·a-1.

随着草坪种植面积的不断增加，施肥引起的环境问题备受关注。为明确氮肥对多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）生长及对土壤硝态氮残留的影响，本研究采用盆栽试验，设计不同施氮水平（0、100、150、250、350 kg·hm-2·a-1）,测定草坪草生长速度、地上生物量、叶绿素含量及土壤中硝态氮的残留量。试验结果表明，0～250 kg·hm-2·a-1施氮范围内，草坪草生长速率、地上生物量和叶绿素含量均随施氮量的增加而增加，施氮量达350 kg·hm-2·a-1时各指标均开始下降。根下层土壤硝态氮的残留量约占根系层的一半，150 kg·hm-2·a-1施氮水平下各土层中的氮残留量与对照无明显差异，说明此施氮量基本能够满足草坪生长需要的氮量。超过250 kg·hm-2·a-1时，土壤中的氮残留量逐渐增加，达到350 kg·hm-2·a-1时根下层的氮残留量达到最高值9.01 mg·kg-1。从兼顾草坪观赏价值和环境安全的角度考虑，东北地区黑麦草草坪的施氮量为250 kg·hm-2·a-1较为合适，若超过此量，就会引起硝态氮淋失，增加氮污染的危险性。

... 多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)是一种重要的冷季型草坪草,适宜无严冬酷夏的凉爽环境,具有成坪快,能够形成致密的草坪等特点^[1,2,3] ...

1980

0.0

... 与其它冷季型草坪草相比,多年生黑麦草抗寒性相对较差^[4],在北方地区易受低温影响,致使其无法在冬季寒冷地区得到广泛应用^[5] ...

2010

0.0

... 与其它冷季型草坪草相比,多年生黑麦草抗寒性相对较差^[4],在北方地区易受低温影响,致使其无法在冬季寒冷地区得到广泛应用^[5] ...

2013

0.0

... 多年生黑麦草受到低温胁迫后,物质合成代谢受到抑制,水分散失,同时,低温导致细胞吸水能力下降,致使植株脱水萎蔫^[6],进而死亡 ...

2010

0.0

... 叶片是植物体唯一完全暴露在空气中的营养器官,也是光合和蒸腾作用的主要发生地^[7],因此,叶片表面气孔与表皮细胞的大小在一定程度上决定了植株保持体内水分的能力 ...

2007

0.0

王晖, 周守标, 史国芹. 假俭草和结缕草营养器官结构对抗逆性的影响. 植物研究, 2007, 27(6): 701-707.

Wang

, Zhou S

, Shi G

Structure of vegetative organs of Eremochloa ophiuroides and Zoysia japonica related with resistance.

Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2007, 27(6): 701-707. (in Chinese)

利用光学显微镜和电镜技术,采用石蜡切片法,叶片离析法等实验技术对假俭草和结缕草的茎,叶等营养器官的解剖结构特征和表皮微形态特征作了研究;通过角质层厚度,维管束数目,气孔指数,泡状细胞等数据分析它们之间的抗逆性差别;首次从微形态角度初步了解假俭草和结缕草及其不同种群之间抗旱力,耐践踏性差异的原因.

... 有关植物叶片形态与保水及抗寒能力的研究表明,结缕草(Zoysia japonica)与假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)相比表皮细胞小而排列紧密,保水能力更优^[8] ...

2013

0.0

刘明虎, 辛智鸣, 徐军, 孙非, 窦立军, 李永华. 干旱区植物叶片大小对叶表面蒸腾及叶温的影响. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(5): 436-442.

Liu M

, Xin Z

, Xu

, Sun

, Dou L

, Li Y

Influence of leaf size of plant on leaf transpiration and temperature in arid regions.

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(5): 436-442. (in Chinese)

Aims Our objective was to demonstrate the influence of leaf size on leaf transpiration and temperature in arid regions. Methods Based on energy and material exchange theory and the results of previous studies, we set up a single leaf energy and material exchange model combined with arid environmental conditions. Important findings Leaf transpiration decreased with increasing stomatal resistance, but leaf temperature increased. Leaf transpiration and temperature decreased with decreasing leaf radiation absorption rate in the same environmental conditions. Moreover, leaf width and wind speed were important parameters in understanding leaf energy and material exchange. Leaf transpiration and temperature generally decreased with decreasing leaf width with wind speed –1 and stomatal resistance about 1 000 s·m –1 . Low leaf transpiration and temperature could encourage plant growth with the low water availability, high radiation and high temperature conditions in arid regions.

利用热及物质交换原理, 并结合前人研究成果, 在单叶尺度上建立了简单的叶温和水气蒸腾模型。模型通过预设值驱动, 预设值参照干旱区环境及植物叶片特征设置。模拟结果显示: 随气孔阻力的增加, 叶片蒸腾速率降低, 叶温升高; 同一环境下, 具有低辐射吸收率的叶片蒸腾速率和叶温更低, 并且气孔阻力越大, 这种差异越明显。另外, 叶片宽度及风速是影响叶片蒸腾及叶温的重要因子。干旱地区植物生长季节, 风速小于0.1 m·s –1 、气孔阻力接近1 000 s·m –1 时, 降低叶片宽度不仅有利于降低叶片温度, 而且能够降低叶片蒸腾速率, 从而实现保持水分, 增强植物适应高温、干旱的能力。

... 而在干旱地区,植物叶片越窄越有利于降低蒸腾速率,更有利于水分的保持^[9] ...

2004

0.0

孟庆杰, 王光全, 董绍锋, 张丽, 龚正道. 桃叶片组织解剖结构特征与其抗旱性关系的研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2004, 22(3): 123-126.

Meng Q

, Wang G

, Dong S

, Zhang

, Gong Z

Relation between leaf tissue parameters and drought resistance of peaches.

Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2004, 22(3): 123-126. (in Chinese)

对6个栽培桃品种的叶片组织结构进行解剖观察、比较、描述,并测定了叶片结构参数.结果表明,各品种间叶片厚度、表皮毛密度、上表皮细胞大小、气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片组织结构紧密度、疏松度、栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比等指标差异较大.表皮厚度、角质层厚度、气孔长度各品种间无明显差异.其中气孔密度大,栅栏组织较厚,叶片组织紧密度大、疏松度小,栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比较高,上表皮细胞较小者抗旱性较强.

... 孟庆杰等^[10]研究桃(Amygdalus persica)叶片形态和水分保持情况间的关系发现,叶片气孔密度大,叶片组织紧密,上表皮细胞小水分保持能力较强 ...

1989

0.0

赵跃龙, 罗玉英. 水稻品种抗寒性与其形态的相关性研究. 云南农业大学学报, 1989, 4(1): 52-56.

Zhao Y

, Luo Y

Study of cold resistance and its cyto-morphological correlation with rice.

Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 1989, 4(1): 52-56. (in Chinese)

经扫描电镜观察丽江新团黑谷(N)、西南175(X)和矮脚糯(E)3个抗寒性不同的品种叶表皮的结构,结果表明:N的上、下表皮气孔均小,长毛多,硅化细胞分布密;而E的上、下表皮气孔较大,长毛少,硅化细胞分布稀;X上、下表皮气孔大小、长毛多少和硅化细胞分布稀密界于N和E之间。气孔大小与抗寒性成反相关。低温处理后3个品种在小孢子形成和发育的过程中均出现不同程度的异常现象,结果导致花粉和花药的败育。败育的小花成熟时常见只有2～4个花药或完全没有花药。花药白色,瘦瘪而短小,其内没有或很少有成熟花粉粒。低温处理后,3个品种小孢子的异常率以及花粉和花药的败育率都以E品种最高,X品种次之,N品种最低。

... 在水稻(Oryza sativa)叶片上的研究表明^[11],抗寒性强的品种叶片气孔较小 ...

... 赵跃龙和罗玉英^[11]研究水稻品种抗寒性与形态的相关关系结果表明,抗寒性强的品种气孔小,抗寒性差的品种气孔大,有关冬油菜的研究也得到相同的结果^[22] ,这与本研究得到的结果一致 ...

... 同时,表皮细胞小与气孔小这两者共同作用,在低温胁迫条件下,使水分经较短的距离运出细胞,防止造成细胞内结冰^[11] ...

2013

0.0

刘自刚, 孙万仓, 杨宁宁, 王月, 何丽, 赵彩霞, 史鹏飞, 杨刚, 李学才, 武军艳, 方彦, 曾秀存. 冬前低温胁迫下白菜型冬油菜抗寒性的形态及生理特征. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(22): 4679-4687.

Liu Z

, Sun W

, Yang N

, Wang

, He

, Zhao C

, Shi P

, Yang

, Li X

, Wu J

, Fang

, Zeng X

Morphology and physiological characteristics of cultivars with different levels of cold-resistance in winter rapeseed(Brassica campestris L. )during cold acclimation.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(22): 4679-4687. (in Chinese)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to provide an evaluation method for the development of cold tolerant Brassica campestris germplasm. 【Method】 In this study, the plant morphological characteristics and physiological parameters were measured, and the molecular mechanism of cold-resistance of several cultivars was discussed. 【Result】 Under low temperature, the majority of the stomata in cold sensitive cultivars were closed or semi-closed. But the stomata in strong cold-tolerant cultivars (Longyou 6) maintained opening. The photosynthetic rate and root/shoot ratio were higher, dry matter accumulation in root of Longyou 6 was higher than those of other cultivars. Simple correlation analysis indicated that the soluble protein content was positively correlated with cold-tolerance, but no significant correlation was observed between cold-tolerance and SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, free proline content or MDA content. At low temperature, in comparison with cold tolerant variety Tianyou 2, the ice crystals in apoplast proteins extracting solution of ultra strong cold resistant variety Longyou 7 were slight and symmetrical. The shape of ice crystal was pentagon, elliptocytosis or bipyramidal. 【Conclusion】 During the pre-winter cold acclimation stage, the soluble protein content in leaves of strong cold-tolerant winter rapeseeds was high, and the majority of stomata in leaves remained opening, the photosynthetic rate was high, too. Photosynthates might be preferentially transported and stored in the roots. The expression of the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) was up-regulated in roots, which might ease the damage to cells in roots caused by restraining extracellular frozen.

【目的】为白菜型冬油菜抗寒种质创新及抗寒品种选育提供依据。【方法】以抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜品种为材料，采用田间观察、比色法、冰晶消长法、显微测微、光合测定等技术，探讨北方寒旱区主要冬油菜品种抗寒性差异形成的形态、生理及分子机理。【结果】冬前低温阶段，弱抗寒品种多数气孔关闭或半开放，而强抗寒品种（陇油6号）气孔仍保持完全开放状态，且光合速率、根冠比、根部干物质积累均较高；可溶性蛋白与抗寒性显著正相关，而SOD、POD、CAT活性、游离脯氨酸、MDA含量与抗寒性无明显相关关系；与天油2号相比，低温下陇油7号质外体蛋白提取液形成冰晶体积小、分布均匀，形态以五边形、椭圆形和双菱形为主，具有明显重结晶抑制活性和饰晶活性。【结论】冬前低温阶段，白菜型冬油菜强抗寒品种叶片气孔多数仍保持开放，Pn较高，光合产物优先分配至地下部贮存；根部抗冻蛋白表达上调，增强了其抗寒性。

... 白菜型冬油菜(Brassica campestris)^[12] 和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)^[13]叶片形态与抗寒性的研究结果为抗寒性强的品种气孔密度大 ...

2007

0.0

崔国文, 马春平. 紫花苜蓿叶片形态结构及其与抗寒性的关系. 草地学报, 2007, 15(1): 70-75.

Cui G

, Ma C

Research of leaf morphology and cold resistance of alfalfa.

Acta Agestia Sinica, 2007, 15(1): 70-75. (in Chinese)

Tissue parameters of leaves of 7 alfalfa cultivars were observed and analyzed.The results show that there were significant differences of leaf length,ratio of leaf width to length,leaf thickness,stoma density,thickness of palisade and spongy tissues,CTR,SR,and the vein protuberant degree among the cultivars,but no significant difference among the cultivars in leaf width,epidermis and horny layer thickness,stoma length and width.Cultivars with low ratio of leaf width to length,high stoma density,thick stockade tissue,high CTR,low SR and high leaf vein protuberant degree boast strong cold resistance.

对7个紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa )品种的叶片组织结构进行解剖观察、比较、描述,并测定了叶片结构参数。结果表明,各品种间叶片长、叶片宽长比、叶片厚度、气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片组织结构紧密度、疏松度和叶脉突起度等指标差异较大;叶宽、表皮厚度、角质层厚度、气孔长度、气孔宽度各品种间无明显差异;其中叶宽长比小、气孔密度大,叶片组织紧密度大、疏松度小,叶脉突起度大者抗寒性较强。

... 白菜型冬油菜(Brassica campestris)^[12] 和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)^[13]叶片形态与抗寒性的研究结果为抗寒性强的品种气孔密度大 ...

2002

0.0

宋绪忠. 茶树无性系苗期抗寒特性研究. 泰安: 山东农业大学硕士学位论文, 2002.

Song X

Cold resistance characteristics of tea clonal seedlings. Master Thesis.

Taian: Shand ong Agricultural University, 2002. (in Chinese)

茶树苗期抗寒性评价是山东茶树栽培区进行茶树引种的技术关键.该文以8个茶树无性系的1-2年生苗为材料,综合运用主成分分析、回归分析、聚类分析、通径分析等方法对茶树苗期的生长、形态、解剖、生理、生化等特性与抗寒性的关系进行了系统的研究.

... 而对茶树(Camellia sinensis)^[14]叶片形态的研究为抗寒性差的品种气孔密度大 ...

2014

0.0

... 1 试验材料及养护方法供试草种选择抗寒性差异明显的两个多年生黑麦草品种:'Brightstar SLT'( 抗寒品种)和 'Linn' (不抗寒品种)^[15,16,17],草种由美国北达科他州立大学的李德颖教授提供 ...

2002

0.0

2007

0.0

2009

0.0

... 徒手切片制作方法和石蜡切片制作方法参照李和平^[18]的方法进行 ...

2013

0.0

... 叶片相对失水速率的测定按经改进后的Shi等^[19]的方法进行 ...

2015

0.0

董慧, 段小春, 常智慧. 外源水杨酸对多年生黑麦草耐盐性的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 2015, 37(2): 128-135.

Dong

, Duan X

, Chang Z

Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass.

Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2015, 37(2): 128-135. (in Chinese)

因水杨酸对盐胁迫下植物的生长和抗性生理具有重要调节作用，在水培条件下，通过裂区设计(主处理为水杨酸，浓度为0、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol/L；副处理为NaCl胁迫，浓度为0、250 mmol/L)研究了水杨酸对多年生黑麦草耐盐性的影响。结果表明：浓度为0.25、0.50 mmol/L的水杨酸能提高盐胁迫条件下多年生黑麦草的耐盐性，其中0.25 mmol/L比0.50 mmol/L水杨酸提高耐盐性作用更明显；显著提高了坪观质量、根系总长度、根系活力以及叶片光合速率、气孔导度、相对含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量，降低了叶片电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量。1.00 mmol/L的水杨酸对多年生黑麦草的耐盐性有抑制作用，降低了坪观质量、光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量，增加了电解质渗出率和丙二醛含量，对相对含水量、根系长度、根系活力的影响不显著。

... 蒸腾速率,气孔导度,光合速率的测定参照董慧等^[20]的方法 ...

2000

0.0

... 电解质渗透率和相对含水量测定参照李合生^[21]的方法 ...

2014

0.0

杨宁宁, 孙万仓, 刘自刚, 史鹏辉, 方彦, 武军艳, 曾秀存, 孔德晶, 鲁美宏, 王月. 北方冬油菜抗寒性的形态与生理机制. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(3): 452-461.

Yang N

, Sun W

, Liu Z

, Shi P

, Fang

, Wu J

, Zeng X

, Kong D

, Lu M

, Wang

Morphological characters and physiological mechanisms of cold resistance of winter rapeseed in Northern China.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(3): 452-461. (in Chinese)

【Objective】Low temperature is one of the important factors affecting the growth of the northern winter rapeseed, so it is very essential to study the mechanism of the cold resistance of winter rapeseed. The aim of the paper was to study the cold resistance of winter rapeseed by morphological characters, physiological and anatomical characteristics, then evaluate an relationship between the indexes and cold resistance, select reliable index of the cold resistance of winter rapeseed and establish an evaluation model for cold resistance, which will provide a basis for germplasm discovery and identification of cold resistance in Northern China.【Method】Seven different cold resistant winter rapeseeds were treated under low temperature at 8-leaf stage, the growth habits and leaf anatomical characteristics were observed and the physiologic index, biochemical index, root diameter and root dry weight were determined. The cold resistance of these winter rapeseeds was analyzed and a evaluation model was built by main component analysis, regression analysis, cluster analysis and path analysis. 【Result】A negative correlation was presented between LT50 and wintering rate, POD activity at 5℃ to 0℃, CAT activity at 0℃ to -5℃, free proline content at 10℃ to 5℃ (X1), soluble protein content at 5℃ to 0℃ (X2), growth habits (X5), root diameter and underground dry matter (X6). A positive correlation was presented between LT50 and POD activity at 0℃ to -5℃, ratio of palisade tissue against spongy tissue (X3), thickness of palisade tissue, thickness of leaf, stomatal area (X4). 【Conclusion】The cold resistance order of 7 cultivars by principal component analysis was the same as the wintering rate. Six indexes were chosen by regression analysis to build mathematical evaluation model, i.e., Y=-7.58-0.018X1- 0.542X2+3.903 X3-0.002 X4+0.195X5-0.066X6, (R2=1.000). The materials were divided into five clases by cluster analysis, and for the winter rapeseed classification of strong cold resistance, it showed creeping growth, small ratio of palisade tissue against spongy tissue, small stomatal area, large dry weight of root, large increase of POD activity and SP content when it is cold. The result is consistent with the sort. The path analysis result indicates that soluble protein content is the direct factor for the cold resistance of winter rapeseed.

【目的】低温是影响中国北方冬油菜生长的重要因素之一，冬油菜抗寒机制研究至关重要。从形态、生理、解剖等水平对冬油菜抗寒特性进行研究，探讨各相关指标与冬油菜抗寒性之间的关系，筛选可靠的抗寒鉴定指标，建立冬油菜抗寒性评价数学模型，为中国北方冬油菜抗寒种质筛选及品种抗寒性鉴定提供依据。【方法】对7个不同抗寒性代表性冬油菜品种幼苗进行低温处理，观察其生长习性和叶片解剖特征，测定叶片的生理生化指标、根颈直径及根部干重，采用主成分分析、回归分析、聚类分析和通径分析等方法，对抗寒性进行分析并建立抗寒性评价模型。【结果】研究结果表明，冬油菜低温半致死温度（LT50）与越冬率、5—0℃的POD活性变化、0—-5℃的CAT活性变化、10—5℃的游离脯氨酸变化量（X1）、5—0℃的可溶性蛋白变化量（X2）、生长习性（X5）、根颈直径及地下部干重（X6）呈显著负相关，与0—-5℃的POD变化量、栅海比（X3）、栅栏组织厚度、叶片厚度和气孔面积（X4）呈显著正相关。【结论】主成分分析得到7个品种抗寒性排序与田间越冬率一致；以回归分析筛选出6个指标建立冬油菜抗寒性评价数学模型：Y=-7.58-0.018X1-0.542X2+3.903X3-0.002X4+0.195X5-0.066X6，（R2=1.000）；聚类分析将7个品种按抗寒性强弱分为5类，抗寒性强的类型中冬油菜苗期表现匍匐生长，栅海比小，气孔面积小，地下部干重大，Pro活性和SP含量随温度降低增加量大，与之前所做抗寒性排序一致，通径分析表明可溶性蛋白的含量变化是影响冬油菜抗寒性的直接因素。

2009

0.0

许瑛, 陈煜, 陈发棣, 陈素梅. 菊花耐寒特性分析及其评价指标的确定. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(3): 974-981.

, Chen

, Chen F

, Chen S

Analysis of cold-tolerance and determination of cold-tolerance evaluation indicators in Chrysanthemum.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(3): 974-981. (in Chinese)

【目的】低温是影响菊花生长的主要环境因子之一,从生理、形态解剖等水平对菊花耐寒特性进行研究,并探讨各耐寒指标之间的关系,建立可靠的菊花耐寒性数学评价模型,为菊花耐寒种质的挖掘、耐寒性新品种选育及大规模菊花品种的耐寒评价奠定基础。【方法】对6个菊花品种在低温处理下的脚芽叶片的SOD酶、CAT酶、MDA、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白等生理指标以及解剖结构特征的分析,结合相关性检验,筛选与耐寒性密切相关的指标。运用主成分分析、回归分析、聚类分析和通径分析方法,对筛选指标进行综合分析。【结果】对14个与耐寒性有关的指标进行了分析,结果发现菊花半致死温度(LT50)与-14～-17℃的SOD变化率、-11～-14℃ 的可溶性糖变化率(SS1)、栅栏组织厚度(L2)和上表皮厚度(L4)、栅/海比(L6)、栅栏组织紧密度(L7)呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与栅栏组织疏松度(L8)呈显著正相关。【结论】提炼出4个指标并建立了菊花耐寒性评价的数学模型:Y=16.370-0.029SS1-0.075L7-0.314L8-12.250L6(R2=1.000),预测精度大于94%。

... 这不同于菊花(Chrysanthe mun)^[23],小香水梨和山梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)^[24]抗寒品种叶表皮厚的研究结果,但与秘鲁番荔枝(Annona cherimola)的研究结果一致^[25] ...

2008

0.0

常红伟. 延边地区不同梨品种解剖结构与抗寒性关系的研究. 长春: 东北师范大学硕士学位论文, 2008.

Chang H

Studies on relationship between anatomic structure and cold resistance of different pear cultivars in Yanbian area. Master Thesis.

Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2008. (in Chinese)

本文采用石蜡切片、木材切片、木材离析、叶表皮制片和显微摄影技术，对延边地区抗寒性不同的四个梨品种：苹果梨、南果梨、小香水梨和山梨进行了颉颃寒逆境的演化结构研究，探讨了梨的解剖结构特征与抗寒性的关系。实验结果发现：抗寒性不同的梨品种解剖结构之间存在差异。抗寒性较差的苹果梨和南果梨：叶片气孔较大，上表皮细胞厚度较小，下表皮细胞垂周壁多为直状、浅波状，主脉粗大；叶柄韧皮纤维略少，叶柄内部径向管孔链排列疏松，横向复管孔以及管孔团较少，导管之间排列疏松，密度小，导管口径较均匀；主脉、早材的导管分子直径较大，导管分子侧壁纹孔直径...

... 这不同于菊花(Chrysanthe mun)^[23],小香水梨和山梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)^[24]抗寒品种叶表皮厚的研究结果,但与秘鲁番荔枝(Annona cherimola)的研究结果一致^[25] ...

2004

0.0

刘世彪, 陈菁, 胡正海. 7种番荔枝果树的叶片结构及其与抗寒性关系研究. 果树学报, 2004, 21(3): 241-246.

Liu S

, Chen

, Hu Z

Studies on the relationship between leaf structure and cold resistance of 7 species of annonaceae fruit trees.

Journal of Fruit Science, 2004, 21(3): 241-246. (in Chinese)

应用叶片离析法和石蜡制片技术,对番荔枝科番荔枝属6种果树和比丽巴属1种果树的叶表皮特征和叶结构特征进行了研究.结果表明,番荔枝属的刺果番荔枝、山刺番荔枝和圆滑番荔枝表皮细胞垂周壁呈波浪状,表皮毛短或无;叶片厚度大,叶脉突起度(叶脉厚度/叶片厚度)小.杂交种番荔枝、非洲骄傲番荔枝(品种)、牛心番荔枝、秘鲁番荔枝以及比丽巴属的比丽巴番荔枝表皮细胞垂周壁呈直或弧状,表皮毛长;叶片厚度小,叶脉突起度大.还讨论了番荔枝果树叶片解剖特征与果树抗寒性的关系,认为表皮毛长、叶脉突起度大是抗寒性强的性状,反之则是抗寒性弱的表现.

... 这不同于菊花(Chrysanthe mun)^[23],小香水梨和山梨(Pyrus ussuriensis)^[24]抗寒品种叶表皮厚的研究结果,但与秘鲁番荔枝(Annona cherimola)的研究结果一致^[25] ...

2009

0.0

金不换. 干旱胁迫对不同品种早熟禾形态和生理特性影响的研究. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学硕士学位论文, 2009.

Jin B

Research on drought stress affect morphological and physiological characteristic of different cultivars of bluegrass. Master Thesis.

Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2009. (in Chinese)

本研究在现有的试验条件下，以2个北方常见早熟禾品种布鲁克（Brooklawn ）、英派克（Impact ）和1个欧洲杂交品种苏比纳(SupraNova)为供试材料，采用连续干旱处理后复水的方法，以田间试验和温室试验相结合，研究了干旱胁迫及复水对早熟禾不同品种形态特征及生理生化特性的影响，旨在为选育抗旱性强的早熟禾资源及其开发和利用提供理论依据，得出结论如下：　　 1.干旱胁迫使3个品种的萎蔫度上升、草坪质量下降，且SupraNova 的草坪质量较其它2个品种下降幅度大，复水4d后，SupraNova较其它2个品种恢复能力差，说明SupraNova受干旱胁迫伤害程度较其它2个品...

... 叶片的主要功能是进行光合和蒸腾作用,水分可以通过叶片向外散失,而气孔是控制叶片内外水分蒸腾和CO₂扩散的门户^[26] ...

1994

0.0

贺金生, 陈伟烈, 王勋陵. 高山栎叶的形态结构及其与生态环境的关系. 植物生态学报, 1994, 18(3): 219-227.

He J

, Chen W

, Wang X

Morphological and anatomical features of Quercus section Suber and its adaption to the ecological environment.

Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1994, 18(3): 219-227. (in Chinese)

The morphological and anatomical features of Quercus Section Suber, the dominant species of the sclerophyllous evergreen broad leaved-forest, from different habitats were compared The results show that Quercus Section Suber possesses dual morphological characteristics of non-succulent xerophyte and alpine plants. This is believed to be the basis for them to be adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. The size and density of the stomata, the shape and pattern of the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells, and the thickness of leaves and cuticles were modified to a large extent by the ecological environment. On the contrary, the types of stomatal apparatus and the two layers of the adaxial epidermal cells are stable characteristics with important value for classification. Quercus ilex, which is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean basin has similar epidermal features to Quercus Sect. Suber.

对分布在不同生态环境条件下的硬叶常绿阔叶林建群种高山栎组植物叶的形态解剖特征进行了比较研究。结果表明，高山栎组植物叶的形态结构兼有非肉质旱生植物和高山植物的性状，这是它们对生态环境广泛适应的基础。每一个种除气孔器类型及腹面二层表皮细胞性状比较稳定外，其他性状，如气孔的大小和密度、表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁的类型、叶片的厚度、角质膜的厚度均受环境条件修饰，不是稳定性状，不具分类学意义。对同一个种的不同生活型，如乔木、小乔木和灌木，在解剖结构土没有明显的区别特征。地中海的冬青栎(Quercusilex)的表皮特征和高山栎组植物有很大的相似性。

... 小而多的气孔可以使蒸腾更有效,使气孔开度调节更灵活,从而有效降低水分散失^[27] ...

... 而气孔的蒸腾与气孔周长成正比,因此,抗寒性强品种小而多的气孔能够使蒸腾更加有效,使气孔开度调节更加灵活^[27] ...

2007

0.0

池春玉, 丁国华, 连永权, 李文君. 低温胁迫对三种冷季型草坪草脯氨酸含量及膜透性的影响. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(1): 101-104.

Chi C

, Ding G

, Lian Y

, Li W

Effect of low temperature stress on proline content and membrane permeability in three kind cold-season turfgrass.

Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2007, 23(1): 101-104. (in Chinese)

In this paper, three varieties of turfgrass, Cindy, Merit and Blue chip, were stressed under 5℃, -5℃ and -10℃, respectively, and their membrane permeability of the leaves were measured by conductivity, and the proline concentration of their leaves were determined by ninhydrin colorimetric method, aimed at searching law of membrane permeability and proline concentration change under chilling stress. The results showed that three kinds of low temperature exposure, the proline content in three varieties of turfgrass increased at significance level. As the turfgrass exposed under 5℃ and -10℃, the increase of proline content in Cindy was highest, and that in Merit and Blue chip were nearly equal. As the turfgrass stressed under -5℃, the increment of proline content in Blue chip was > in Cindy > in Merit, but no significant difference was in that of them. The proline increment under -10℃ was significantly less than that under -5℃, and was nearly equal to that under 5℃. The membrane permeability of the turfgrass also increased, which increment showed that of Cindy

采用5℃、-5℃和-10℃的低温胁迫处理紫羊茅、优异和抢手股等三种冷季型草坪草，以电导法测定叶片膜透性、茚三酮比色法测定叶片脯氨酸含量，分析二者在低温胁迫下的变化规律。结果表明，三种低温胁迫使三种草坪草叶片内脯氨酸含量均有极显著的增加，5℃和-10℃胁迫下，增加量为抢手股最高，紫羊茅和优异接近，-5℃胁迫下增加量为抢手股>优异>紫羊茅，且相互间没有显著差异，-10℃的胁迫没有高于而是显著低于-5℃的胁迫，并与5℃相近。低温胁迫下膜透性的增加表现为紫羊茅<抢手股<优异，而且胁迫的温度越低，膜透性越高，但5℃的低温对紫羊茅没有造成显著的膜透性增加。

... 2 生理响应多年生黑麦草在低温胁迫下,光合活性下降,光合作用受到抑制,同时细胞膜结构受破坏,膜透性增加,进而发生一些列的生理生化变化^[28] ...

... Merit)等3种冷季型草坪草^[28]和沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等暖季型草坪草^[32,33]上进行的低温研究结果一致 ...

2008

0.0

何会蓉, 李志东, 周而卫, 廖伟清, 黎可华, 郭振飞. 几种暖季型草坪草对低温的生理反应. 草地学报, 2008, 16(2): 150-153.

He H

, Li Z

, Zhou E

, Liao W

, Li K

, Guo Z

Physiological responses to chilling of six warm-season turfgrasses.

Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2008, 16(2): 150-153. (in Chinese)

The physiological responses of six warm-season turfgrass species, Zoysia tenuifolia Willd.ex Trin., Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Paspalum vaginatum Sw., Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.cv.No.5, Zoysia japonica Steud.cv.Lanyin No.3,and Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze,to chilling injury were comparatively studied in field during the cold weather by the end of December,2004. E.ophiuroides showed no injury during chilling stress,whereas A.compressus and Z.japonica showed seriously injury.The photosynthetic rate was decreased greatly in Z.tenuifolia , Z.japonica ,and S.secundatum ,but almost unaltered in E.ophiuroides and P.vaginatum .The content of leaf water soluble sugar was little changed in A.compressus and Z.japonica ,whereas increased in other grasses.In contrast,the content of root water soluble sugar was decreased in all grasses.The results indicate that the chilling tolerant species,e.g. E.ophiuroides ,was characteristic of stable photosynthetic rate and higher level of leaf water soluble sugar during chilling stress in comparison to the chilling sensitive turfgrass species.

在佛山市对低温下台湾草( Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin.)、地毯草( Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv.)、夏威夷草( Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)、假俭草( Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro)Hack.)、结缕草( Zoysia japonica Steud.)和钝叶草( Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)等6个暖季型草种的生理反应进行了比较研究。田间种植的草坪草材料在受到2004年12月份的寒潮袭击后,假俭草5号未受到伤害,地毯草和兰引3号受到的伤害较严重;台湾草、兰引3号和钝叶草的光合速率大大降低,而夏威夷和假俭草5号的光合速率变化不大;地毯草和兰引3号的叶片可溶性糖含量变化不大,而其它几种暖季型草坪草的叶片可溶性糖含量升高,各草种的根系可溶性糖含量降低。结果表明,耐寒的假俭草5号在低温下光合速率受抑制较小与叶片可溶性糖含量积累较多有关,而对低温敏感草种的叶片可溶性糖积累较少。

... 这与耐寒的夏威夷草(Paspalum vaginatum)和假俭草5号(Eremochloa ophiuroides)光合速率受低温抑制作用小^[29]的研究结果一致 ...

1995

0.0

... Okawara和Kaneko^[30,31]的研究同样表明,结缕草在低温环境中会发生光抑制而使得光系统#cod#x02161 ...

1995

0.0

... Okawara和Kaneko^[30,31]的研究同样表明,结缕草在低温环境中会发生光抑制而使得光系统#cod#x02161 ...

0.0

余土元, 陈平, 张坤英, 张士岱. 广州地区几种草坪草低温胁迫效应初报. 草原与草坪, 2005(6): 51-54.

Yu T

, Chen

, Zhang K

, Zhang S

Preliminary study on low temperature stress on some turfgrasses in Guangzhou. Grassland and Turf, 2005(6): 51-54. (in Chinese)

通过低温胁迫处理匍匐翦股颖粤选1号、海滨雀稗、杂交狗牙根品种老鹰草、沟叶结缕草4种草坪草,测定膜透性、根系活力及叶绿素含量.结果表明,低温胁迫下,草坪草叶片,匍匐茎和根系质膜相对透性显著增加,并且,沟叶结缕草膜透性最高,匍匐翦股颖膜透性最低;低温胁迫下,匍匐翦股颖根系活力最高,老鹰草根系活力最低;叶绿素含量从高到低为匍匐翦股颖粤选1号>海滨雀稗>杂交狗牙根(老鹰草)>沟叶结缕草.

... Merit)等3种冷季型草坪草^[28]和沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等暖季型草坪草^[32,33]上进行的低温研究结果一致 ...

2006

0.0

... Merit)等3种冷季型草坪草^[28]和沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)等暖季型草坪草^[32,33]上进行的低温研究结果一致 ...