张奔, 周敏强, 王娟, 蒲毅, 张丽, 袁明龙. 我国苜蓿害虫种类及研究现状. 草业科学, 2016,33(4):785-812
Zhang Ben, Zhou Min-qiang, Wang Juan, Pu Yi, Zhang Li, Yuan Ming-long. Species checklist and research status of alfalfa insect pests reported in China. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(4): 785-812
Alfalfa is a high quality forage grass widely cultivated in China. Insect pests have been becoming one of the most important factors that limited alfalfa’s yield and quality. In this study, research papers of alfalfa insect pests published since 1980 were obtained by searching the CNKI database, and the catalogue of alfalfa insect pests has been listed out by analyzing all these articles in detail. Results showed that a total of 297 species belonging to 48 families of 8 orders had been reported in China, among which the most extensively studied were Loxostege sticticalis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis trifolii, Heliothis dipsacea and Odontothrips loti. A total of 226 studies are related to alfalfa insect pests, including 2 PhD dissertations, 40 master dissertations and 184 journal articles. All these studies involved bioecology characteristics, control, species and diversity survey, population dynamics and community structure, as well as biochemistry and molecular biology. Among them, the first two were the most studied, whereas the last was the least. For the future prospects of alfalfa insect pest studies, the suggest that it is necessary: 1) to further investigate species diversity of alfalfa insect pests, and determine key pests occurred in each alfalfa planting region; 2) to enhance bioecology characteristics study; 3) to promote biochemistry and molecular biology study; 4) to establish integrated pest management system for alfalfa insect pests.
Keyword:
alfalfa; insect pests; ecology; China; research progress
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吴永斌, 魏敏, 刘长仲. 蓟马在苜蓿上的空间分布格局研究. 草业科学, 2012, 29(8): 1313-1316. Wu YB, WeiM, Liu CZ. Spatial distribution pattern of thrips on alfalfa. Pratcultural Science, 2012, 29(8): 1313-1316. (in Chinese)
In order to explore the spatial distribution pattern of thrips on alfalfa (Medicago sativa), aggregation indexes and Iwao regression methods were used in this study. The results showed that the distribution of thrips on alfalfa behaved as the clustered colonies and the aggregation intensity decreased with the increasing of cutting times. The aggregation was affected by environmental factors and thrips habits. Based on the parameters fitted by the Iwao model, the equation of optimal sampling number was proposed.
徐林波, 刘爱萍, 王慧, 狄彩霞, 王玲玲. 龟纹瓢虫对苜蓿蚜的捕食效应(简报). 草地学报, 2007, 15(3): 296-298. Xu LB, Liu AP, WangH, Di CX, Wang LL. Predation of Propylaea japonica on Aphis medicaginis. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2007, 15(3): 296-298. (in Chinese)
1. Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China; 2. The Center of Inspection and Testing For Agri-food Quality & Safety, The ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010031, China; 3. Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, Hohhot 010019, China
武德功, 杜军利, 王森山, 胡桂馨, 贺春贵. 4个苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜的抗性评价. 草业科学, 2012, 29(1): 101-104. Wu DG, Du JL, Wang SS, Hu GX, He CG. Evalution on resistance of 4 alfalfa(Medicago sativa)cultivars to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(1): 101-104. (in Chinese)
The resistance of 4 alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivars to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) was evaluated by massinfesting young seedlings in the field and lab to select high resistant cultivars to pea aphid. The results of this study showed that the Gannong No.5(HA3)showed the strongest resistance and its percent of resistant plants accounted for 50.3% and 48.9% in the field and lab experiments, respectively. The Hunter River showed a poor resistance and its percent of resistant plant was only 4.0% and 4.3% in the field and lab experiments, respectively. The field experimental results showed that Gannong No.5 was high resistance cultivar, and Gannong No.3, Golden Empress and Hunter River were susceptible cultivars; the lab experimental results showed that Gannong No.5 was high resistance cultivar, and Gannong No.3 and Golden Empress were low resistance cultivars, and Hunter River was susceptible cultivar.
武德功, 杜军利, 刘长仲, 胡桂馨, 王森山, 贺春贵. 不同龄期龟纹瓢虫对豌豆蚜的捕食功能反应. 草地学报, 2012, 20(4): 778-783. Wu DG, Du JL, Liu CZ, Hu GX, Wang SS, He CG. Functional response of Propylaea japonica in different instars to Acyrthosiphon pisum in laboratory. Acta Agrestia Binica, 2012, 20(4): 778-783. (in Chinese)
The functional response of Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to five densities of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae) was investigated by disc method under growth chamber condition, in order to understand the controlling capability of P. japonica to A. pisum . Plotting prey density against prey killed by four larval instars, adult males and females of Propylaea japonica fit well with the typeⅡ model of Holling’s disc equation. Adult females consumed the highest number of the prey, followed by fourth instars and adult males. Based on the functional response data, the model predicts a maximum of 6.5, 20.4, 32.3, 71.4, 58.8, and 80.0 nymphs to be consumed per day by individual first, second, third instar, adult male, fourth instar, and adult female, respectively. The results indicated the predation of P. japonica on A. pisum was greater.
1. Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education/Sino-US Center for Grassland and Livestock Sustainable Development, Applied Entomology Laboratory, College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China; 2. Plant Science College of Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui Province 233100, China; 3. Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
张娜, 刘长月, 武云霞, 赵莉. 苜蓿叶象甲的耐寒性研究. 草业科学, 2011, 28(3): 459-463. ZhangN, Liu CY, Wu YX, ZhaoL. Cold hardiness of Hypera postica. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(3): 459-463. (in Chinese)
Supercooling point and freezing point in all stages and overwintering adults of Hypera postica were measured in a laboratory population. The results showed that the mean supercooling point of adult, normalwing pupae, vestigialwing pupae, 4th and 3rd instar larvae were -20.46℃, -10.34℃, -9.55℃, -10.0℃, 9.75℃, respectively while their freezing point were -18.24℃, -6.68℃, -6.52℃, -7.52℃, -7.86℃. The suppercooling point and freezing point of adult were the lowest. There were no significant differences between pupae and 3rd, 4th larvae in suppercooling point and freezing point. The difference of adults which were in different wingtype was not significant. During late December and late January, the supercooling point of female adult was lower than male adult. Thus, it revealed stronger cold hardness in adult stage than in other stages. The effect of two wing types were no significant differences, and the sex brought significant differences with the temperature decreasing.
吴永敷, 特木尔布和, 赵秀华. 苜蓿蓟马的研究. 草地学报, 1991, 1(1): 119-125. Wu YF, TemuerBuhe, Zhao XH. A study on the alfalfa thrips. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1991, 1(1): 119-125.
The species of alfalfa thrips in china and the symptom by its imperiling were reported.The hay yield of alfalfa loses 20.1 percent by this infection. It also causes a decrease in nutritive ingredients.The life cycle and the regu-larity of outbreak of the dominant species— Odontothrips lati Halidays were also reported.The result of pesticides screening experiment showed that 40 percent Roger latex was the best one to controling the thrips,its consistencies were 1:500—1:1000.It would be a main mathod of controling alfalfa thrips that insect—resistant breeding was emphasized.
Inner Mongolia College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Huhehot
寇江涛, 师尚礼, 胡桂馨, 周万海. 牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿活性氧代谢的影响. 核农学报, 2013, 27(12): 1948-1954. Kou JK, Shi SL, Hu GX, Zhou WH. Effect of Odontothrips loti on reactive oxygen metabolism of Medicago sativa. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 27(12): 1948-1954. (in Chinese)
The resistant and susceptible alfalfa clones R-1 and I-1 were empolyed to test effect of Odontothrips loti on reactive oxygen metabolism of Medicago sativa . Results showed that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content, hydroxyl radical (OH · ) concentrations and superoxide anion free radical (O 2 ·- ) generation rates of R-1 had no obvious change under low thrips density (1, 3 per branch), but increased during late damage stage under high thrips density (5, 7 per branch). And for I-1clones, H 2 O 2 content and O 2 ·- generation rate tended to increase, while OH · concentration increased firstly on the first day of damage, decreased on the second day and then increased again on the third day of damage. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased under different thrips density for both of R-1 and I-1 clones, and increment of MDA and population density had significant positive correlation. MDA increment of I-1 were obviously higher than that of R-1. So, R-1 showed resistance on thrips because it had stronger capability in eliminating reactive oxygen species and keeping at a low level, while I-1 belonged to susceptible variety due to an imbalanced reactive oxygen metabolism, and accompanied with a more severe lipid peroxidation.
1. College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070; 2. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-US Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070
以抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1、I-1为材料,测定了不同虫口密度下牛角花齿蓟马对紫花苜蓿活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响。结果表明:R-1无性系H 2 O 2 含量、OH · 浓度和O 2 ·- 产生速率在低虫口密度(1、3头/枝条)下无明显变化,高虫口密度(5、7头/枝条)下明显上升。I-1无性系H 2 O 2 含量和O 2 ·- 产生速率均呈上升趋势,OH · 浓度第1天上升,之后下降,第3天又呈上升趋势。二者的MDA含量均呈现上升,MDA增加量与虫口密度呈显著的正相关,且I-1显著高于R-1。相比之下,R-1能够及时清除体内的ROS使其保持在较低水平而表现为抗蓟马,而I-1的ROS代谢明显失调,其膜脂过氧化程度较R-1严重,因此表现为感蓟马。
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王小珊, 杨成霖, 王森山, 胡桂馨. 牛角花齿蓟马为害后苜蓿叶酚类物质和木质素含量的变化. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(6): 1688-1692. Wang XS, Yang CL, Wang SS, Hu GX. Changes of phenols and lignin contents in alfalfa leaf damaged by Odontothrips loti. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(6): 1688-1692. (in Chinese)
In order to investigate the changes of secondary metabolites content of alfalfa induced by thrips Odontothrips loti damaging, two alfalfa strains, one resistant to thrips (R-1) and the other susceptible to thrips (I-1), were chosen to measure the phenols and lignin contents of alfalfa leaves under infestation with thrips at different densities (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 thrips·branch -1 , and 0 thrip·branch -1 as control). After infestation 7 days, the polyphenols, tannin and condensed tannin contents increased in both leaves of R-1 and I-1 with the increasing thrips density, the simple phenols content had no significant difference, while the lignin content increased significantly compared with the control. After infestation 14 days, the polyphenols, tannin, condensed tannin and lignin contents in both leaves of R-1 and I-1 increased obviously with the increasing thrips density, while the simple phenols content had no significant difference. The lignin content increased significantly, and was significantly higher under 7 thrips·branch -1 than under the control. After infestation 21 days, the polyphenols, tannin, and lignin contents in both leaves of R-1 and I-1 increased obviously with the increasing thrips density, and were the highest under 7 thrips·branch -1 . Simple phenols content of I-1 strain was increased significantly, but that of R-1 strain had no significant change. The condensed tannin content in both leaves of R-1 and I-1 was not obvious compared with the control. Phenols and lignin contents in R-1 and I-1 leaves increased obviously after thrips infestation, and the polyphenols, tannin and lignin contents increased faster in R-1 strain than in I-1 strain. Thrips infestation had inductive effects on phenols and lignin contents of alfalfa, which could be used to evaluate the resistance of alfalfa.
(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem/SinoU.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China)
景康康, 师尚礼, 胡桂馨, 王小珊, 朱博. 牛角花齿蓟马为害后苜蓿不同器官中氮、磷、钾和钙含量的变化. 昆虫学报, 2013, 56(4): 385-391. Jing KK, Shi SL, Hu GX, Wang XS, ZhuB. Changes in contents of the essential elements N, P, K and Ca in alfalfa organs damaged by Odontothrips loti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2013, 56(4): 385-391. (in Chinese)
In order to investigate the relationship between nutrient accumulation and distribution in plant organs and alfalfa resistance to thrips, changes in N, P, K and Ca contents in alfalfa organs of the resistant (R-1) and susceptible (I-1) strains to thrips were measured after alfalfa plants were infested by Odontothrips loti. The results showed that the N contents in R-1 and I-1 stems increased significantly while those in R-1 and I-1 leaves decreased significantly ( P P P P O. loti infestation varied with alfalfa variety, the damage index of R-1 was significantly lower than that of I-1 ( P <0.01), and R-1 showed stronger insect resistance.
(1. College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem Ministry of Education, Partacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-US Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou 730070, China)
为了探索营养元素分配利用与苜蓿抗蓟马的关系, 本研究以抗蓟马苜蓿R-1和感蓟马苜蓿I-1为材料, 测定了牛角花齿蓟马 Odontothrips loti 不同虫口压力下苜蓿根、 茎、 叶中N, P, K和Ca含量的变化。结果表明, 随着虫口密度的增大: (1)R-1和I-1茎中N含量均显著升高, 叶中N含量均显著下降( P P P P P <0.01), R-1表现出更好的抗虫性。
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刘长月, 赵莉, 倪亦非. 苜蓿籽蜂越冬虫态对温度的敏感性. 草业科学, 2013, 30(2): 281-286. Liu CY, ZhaoL, Ni YF. A Study on sensitivity of over-wintering instars to temperature of alfalfa seed chalcids. Pratacultural Science, 2013, 30(2): 281-286. (in Chinese)
The alfalfa (Medicago sativa)seeds, harvested at the current year, were stored in 4 locations with different temperatures. The alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi) overwintering instars and its survival were investigated by dissecting the seeds regularly. The results showed that seed chalcid overwintering instars in alfalfa seeds were the third instar larvae. When the average storage temperature and humidity were 18 ℃ and 27.2% (from October to December), the alfalfa seed chalcid overwintering larvae began to pupate at the end of December. When the average storage temperature and humidity were 9.9 ℃ and 40.1% (from October to next February), the overwintering larvae began to pupate at the next February. Alfalfa seeds being treated with the conditions of 50 ℃ and -30 ℃ for 1 day showed that the mortality of alfalfa seed chalcid larvae reached 100%; and germination rates of the alfalfa seeds were 93.33% and 88.33%, respectively.
王森山, 朱亚灵, 宋丽雯, 达丽婷. 不同苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜田间抗性评价. 草地学报, 2014, 22(5): 1139-1142. Wang SS, Zhu YL, Song LW, Da LT. Field evaluation of different alfalfa varieties to Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2014, 22(5): 1139-1142. (in Chinese)
The field resistance of different alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) varieties to Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris was evaluated using aphid index and the rate of resistant plants as evaluation indices. Results show that the highest aphid index detected in China alfalfa No.1 is 82.48 and the lowest one is 26.00 in Algangjin compared with others, while the highest rate of resistant plants found in Algangjin is 93.50 and the lowest one is 2.36 in Hunterriver. The 16 of 28 tested alfalfa varieties such as Gannong No.5, Sandili and Algangjin have higher resistance to A. pisum . Six tested alfalfa varieties such as Algangjin, Gold empress and Gannong No.3 are resistant varieties. Cropper nine, Tianshui and 75-43 have moderate resistance and Weinan has low resistance. Hunterriver and China alfalfa No.1 are susceptible to A. pisum .
1. College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China; 2. Lanzhou Research institute of Gardening, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
金娟, 梁金, 贺春贵. 苜蓿品种对2种色型豌豆蚜的抗生性. 草业学报, 2013, 22(6): 335-340. JinJ, LiangJ, He CG. Antibiosis of five alfalfa cultivars to two colour morphs of Acyrthosiphon piusm. Acta Prataculture Sinica, 2013, 22(6): 335-340. (in Chinese)
王小强, 刘长仲, 邢亚田, 石周. 吡虫啉, 阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯亚致死剂量对绿色型豌豆蚜发育及繁殖的影响. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 279-286. Wang XQ, Liu CZ, Xin YT, ShiZ. Effects of sublethal dosage of imidacloprid, abamectin and beta-cypermethrin on the development and reproduction of green of the morph of pea aphid(Acyrthosiphon pisum). Acta Prataculture Sinica, 2014, 23(5): 279-286. (in Chinese)
To understand the effects of sublethal dosage of imidacloprid, abamectin and beta-cypermethrin on the experimental population parameter of green morph of pea aphid [ Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: aphidiae)], and to investigate the relationship between the development, reproduction of A. pisum and sublethal dosage, which can provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive control of A. pisum . Sublethal dosage of imidacloprid, abamectin and beta-cypermethrin on A. pisum were examined by leaf with insect dipping method and disc leaf dipped method respectively under constant temperature (22-24)℃, relative humidity (70%-80%) and a 16∶8 (L∶D) hours photoperiod. The results showed that mean longevity and fecundity of the adults treated by two concentrations (LC 20 and LC 10 ) of three kinds of insecticides were significantly lower than those of the control ( P 20 ) and beta-cypermethrin (LC 20 ) reached its minimum, which were 3.34 days and 14.30 heads, respectively. However, no significant regulations were found on the durations of different developmental stages of F 1 generation nymphs except that the third instar had no significant differences ( P> 0.05), while the adult stage, mean longevity, survival rate, mean fecundity, net reproductive rate (R 0 ) and mean generation time (T) of F 1 generation treated by concentrations (LC 10 ) were larger than concentrations (LC 20 ) of three kinds of insecticides. Especially, the adult stage, mean fecundity of adults, net reproductive rate (R 0 ) and mean generation time (T) of F 1 generation treated by abamectin (LC 10 ) reached its manimum value, which were 9.76, 77.76, 65.32, 12.41 respectively, were larger than those of the control. All these results showed that both of the mean longevity and fecundity of adults were decreased, while most life table parameters of F 1 generation improved with decrease of sublethal dosage after the adults were treated by different sublethal dosages of imidacloprid, abamectin and beta-cypermethrin.
College of Pratacultural Science, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Ministry of Education, Sino US Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
宫亚军, 石宝才, 路虹, 张胜利, 魏蕾. 温度对3种蚜虫生长发育及繁殖的影响. 华北农学报, 2006, 21(5): 96-98. Gong YJ, Shi BC, LuH, Zhang SL, WeiL. Effects of temperatures on the development and fecundity of three species of aphids. North China Journal of Agriculture, 2006, 21(5): 96-98. (in Chinese)
The developmental zero,effective accumulative temperature(EAT),and fecundity for three species,namely, Aphis craccivora , Acyrthosiphon pisum and Megoura japonica,were studied.The results showed that the developmental zero of A.craccivora,A.pisum and M.japonica were(6.05±1.44)℃,(5.69±1.72)℃,and(4.02±2.22) ℃.The EAT of the three species were(106.63±9.19),(113.01±2.98),and(131.45±29.84)℃ day-degree respectively.The range of fit temperature for three species is 19-23℃.Under 19℃ all of three species can lay more number of nymphae than that at other temperatures and A.pisum has the highest fecundity among the three species,69.5 nymphae on average laid by a female in her whole life.
1. Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; 2. Institute of Information, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
吕宁, 刘长仲. 利福平对两种色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(10): 2700-2705. LyuN, Liu CZ. Effects of rifampicin on population parameters of two color morphs of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014, 33(10): 2700-2705. (in Chinese)
The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of rifampicin (antibiotics) on the growth, development and population parameters of two color morphs (red and green) of Acyrthosiphon pisu m Harris. In laboratory, four treatments were set up: control (CK), spraying rifampicin on plant surface and aphid body at the same time (Ⅰ), spraying rifampicin on aphid body (Ⅱ) and spraying rifampicin on plant surface (Ⅲ). Biological parameters (the average weight, weight difference, mean relative daily weight growth rate during the developmental period, and the mean fecundity per female) were measured. The results showed that: 1) nymph and generation durations of the two color morphs in the three rifampicin treatments were significantly longer than those of the same color type in the control ( P P P P P P P >0.05).
(Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Education Ministry; Grassland Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province; College of Grassland Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730030, China)
为了明确利福平(rifampicin)不同处理对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育和种群参数的影响,将利福平分别按同时喷洒蚕豆植株和蚜虫虫体(Ⅰ)、只喷洒蚜虫虫体(Ⅱ)和只喷洒蚕豆植株(Ⅲ) 3种方式处理以及对照,获得各处理的发育历期、平均体重、体重差、相对日均体重增长率和平均繁殖力等生物学参数。结果表明:1)3种利福平处理的若虫发育历期和世代历期均显著长于同色型对照( P P P >0.05);处理Ⅰ中,红、绿色型豌豆蚜若虫发育历期期(9.46和9.84 d)、成蚜寿命(19.40和18.47 d)和世代历期(28.88和28.29 d)均达到最大值。2)3种处理的2种色型豌豆蚜平均体重、体重差和相对日均体重增长率均表现为下降,且与同色型对照差异显著( P P P P >0.05)。
To clarify the effects of UV-B radiation on the biological characteristics of different color morphs of pea aphid [ Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], new-born nymphs of two colors (red and green) pea aphid morph were irradiated with 40 W UV-B lamp for 30 min per day for 5 days. The morphs were bred in an artificial bioclimatic chamber under strict temperature conditions of 16 ℃, 20 ℃ and 24 ℃, and in two alfalfa (“Gannong 3” and “Gannong 5”) cultivars. Development duration, mass difference and mean relative growth rate per day (MRGR) of the different color pea aphids were measured. The results suggested that UV-radiation less affected growth duration, mass difference and MRGR of red and green color pea aphid morphs in “Gannong 3” ( P > 0.05) at 16 ℃. At 20 ℃, development duration of red color morphs in “Gannong 3” delayed and MRGR dropped ( P P > 0.05) under UV-B radiation. At 24 ℃, development duration of green color morphs in “Gannong 3” delayed, and mass difference and MRGR of green color morphs in “Gannong 3” dropped ( P P P < 0.05) at 20 ℃ and 24 ℃. The findings suggested that red and green color pea aphid morphs responded differently to UV-B radiation, which responses were relative to temperature and alfalfa variety.
为了明确紫外线(UV-B)辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响, 本研究将2种不同色型豌豆蚜的初生若蚜经过40 W UV-B波段紫外线每日照射30 min, 在3种温度梯度(16 ℃、20 ℃、24 ℃)和2种苜蓿品种“甘农3号”和“甘农5号”条件下, 在人工气候箱中单头饲养, 测定各个处理豌豆蚜的发育历期、体质量差和相对日均体质量增长率等生物学参数。结果显示: 在“甘农3号”上, 16 ℃时, 在UV-B辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜的发育历期、体质量差和日均体质量增长率均无显著影响( P >0.05); 在20 ℃时, UV-B辐射下红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长( P P P >0.05); 而在24 ℃时, UV-B辐射下绿色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长( P P P P P P <0.05)。由此可知, UV-B辐射对豌豆蚜的影响与温度和苜蓿品种均密切相关。
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吕宁, 刘长仲. 不同抗生素对豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(2): 208-216. LyuN, Liu CZ. Effect of different antibiotics on the biological characteristics of pea aphid. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(2): 208-216. (in Chinese)
To determine the application methods of different antibiotics in relation to the biological characteristics of green pea aphid [ Acyrthosiphon piusm (Harris)], we sprayed different antibiotics (chlortetracycline HCl, chloraomycetin, oxytetracycline HCl, penicillin-G K salt and streptomycin sulfate) using different methods. The application methods were spraying antibiotics on aphids and plants, on aphid only, and on plants only. Biological parameters of green pea aphid were obtained, which were the days of development, average weight, weight difference, mean relative growth rate and average fecundity of larvae. The results showed that the order of effect of three application methods on the biological characteristics of green pea aphid was as follows: spraying antibiotics on aphids and plants > spraying antibiotics on plants only > spraying antibiotics on aphids only. The order of effect of five different antibiotics on the biological characteristics of green pea aphid was as follows: oxytetracycline HCl > chlortetracycline HCl > streptomycin sulfate > chloraomycetin > penicillin-GK salt. After sprayed both on aphids and plants, oxytetracycline HCl in five antibiotics most significantly influenced the growth and development of green pea aphids - nymph stage prolonged by 2.25 days, generation time prolonged by 3.70 days, weight dropped by 52.37%, weight difference dropped by 55.84%, mean daily relative growth rate dropped by 53.85% and average fecundity of larvae dropped by 79.07%. While aphid development period under chlortetracycline HCl treatment increased, it decreased under penicillin-GK salt, chloraomycetin and streptomycin sulfate. After treatment with five antibiotic, similar weight losses and aphid fecundity drops were noted. The influence of oxytetracycline HCl on aphid nymph stage, generation period and average body weight growth rate was significantly different from others treatment. Both oxytetracycline HCl and chlortetracycline HCl had a clear effect on the average weight and weight difference of aphids, but with no significant difference between the two. When five antibiotics sprayed on plant surface only, oxytetracycline HCl had the highest effect on the growth and development of green pea aphid. Nymph stage prolonged by 1.63 days, generation time prolonged by 3.38 days, weight dropped by 50.28%, weight difference dropped by 51.49%, mean daily relative growth rate dropped by 41.67% and aphid fecundity dropped by 75.45%. Chlortetracycline HCl had a lower effect than oxytetracycline HCl, which led to a longer development period of aphids. Then penicillin-GK salt, chloraomycetin and streptomycin sulfate shortened aphid development period. When five antibiotics sprayed on aphid only, oxytetracycline HCl still had the highest effect on aphid development - nymph stage prolonged by 0.34 days, weight dropped by 24.32%, mean daily relative growth rate dropped by 26.32% and aphid fecundity dropped by 44.23%. In conclusion, spraying antibiotics on both aphid and plant was the most effective application method and oxytetracycline HCl was the most effective antibiotic for pea aphid. The other antibiotics and application methods had less effect on pea aphid. The three combinations of antibiotics and application methods had obvious effects on green pea aphid growth and development, their action order was as follows: oxytetracycline HCl antibiotic sprayed on aphids and plants > oxytetracycline HCl sprayed on plants > chlortetracycline HCl sprayed on aphids. There was no significant difference among the three. Oxytetracycline HCl sprayed on aphids and plants was significantly different from the others combinations in terms of effect.
为明确不同抗生素及其处理方式对绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响, 将盐酸金霉素(chlortetracycline HCl)、氯霉素(chloraomycetin)、盐酸土霉素(oxytetracycline HCl)、青霉素G钾盐(penicillin-G K salt)和硫酸链霉素(streptomycin sulfate)5种抗生素分别按同时喷洒蚕豆植株和蚜虫虫体、只喷洒蚜虫虫体和只喷洒蚕豆植株3种方式处理, 了解不同处理下豌豆蚜的发育历期、平均体重、体质量差、相对日均体质量增长率和平均产蚜量等生物学参数变化特征。结果表明: 3种处理方式对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响大小顺序为: 同时喷洒植株和虫体处理>喷洒植株处理>喷洒虫体处理。5种抗生素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响大小顺序为: 盐酸土霉素>盐酸金霉素>硫酸链霉素>氯霉素>青霉素G钾盐。经过喷洒蚜虫虫体和植株表面联合作用处理, 土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大, 若虫期延长2.25 d, 整个世代周期延长3.70 d, 体重减轻52.37%, 体质量差减小55.84%, 相对日均体质量增长率减小53.85%, 产蚜量下降79.07%; 金霉素处理表现为延长发育历期, 青霉素、氯霉素和链霉素为缩短发育历期; 经5种抗生素处理后的绿色型豌豆蚜体重均减轻, 产蚜量下降。土霉素处理对绿色型豌豆蚜的若虫期、世代历期和相对日均体质量增长率的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著( P P P >0.05)。经过喷洒植株表面的间接作用处理, 土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大, 若虫期龄期延长1.63 d, 世代历期延长3.38 d, 体重减轻50.28%, 体质量差减小51.49%, 相对日均体质量增长率减小41.67%, 产蚜量下降75.45%; 金霉素的影响作用次之, 表现为延长发育历期; 青霉素、氯霉素和链霉素为缩短发育历期。5种抗生素处理后绿色型豌豆蚜均体重减轻, 产蚜量下降。土霉素处理对绿色型豌豆蚜的若虫期、平均体重和产蚜量的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著( P P P >0.05)。经过直接喷洒蚜虫虫体间接作用方式处理, 土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大, 若虫期延长0.34 d, 体重减轻24.32%, 相对日均体质量增长率减小26.32%, 产蚜量下降44.23%, 其他4种抗生素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响较小。土霉素处理对相对日均体质量增长率的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著( P P P >0.05)。由不同抗生素的不同处理方式进行多重比较得知, 对绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育影响较大的3种处理组合为: 土霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合>土霉素喷洒植株处理组合>金霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合, 3种作用处理间对绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性影响差异不显著( P >0.05), 土霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合对生物学特性的影响与除土霉素喷洒植株处理组合和金霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体组合之外的其他组合处理差异显著( P <0.05)。
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2014
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马亚玲, 刘长仲. 光周期对两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(12): 1476-1483. Ma YL, Liu CZ. Effect of photoperiods on the growth and development of two color morphs of pea aphid. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(12): 1476-1483. (in Chinese)
To investigate the effect of photoperiod on growth and development of two color morphs of pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], red and green color morphs of pea aphid were treated with different photoperiods (10L∶14D, 16L∶8D and 22L∶2D) under different light intensities [low (103 μmol・m -2 s -1 ), middle (212 μmol・m -2 s -1 ) and high (313 μmol・m -2 s -1 )]. Instars developmental duration, weight difference, mean relative growth rate per day (MRGR) measured. The results showed that at 10L∶14 D photoperiod, the duration of the 4 th instar of green color morph prolonged by 0.21 d compared with that of red color morph. While development duration of green color morphs delayed under low light intensity ( P rd instar of red color morph prolonged by 0.52 d and the development duration of red color morphs also delayed under low light intensity ( P P > 0.05). At 22L∶2D photoperiod, the durations of the 2 nd , and 4 th instar of red color morphs prolonged respectively by 0.12 d and 0.22 d under low light intensity ( P P > 0.05). At 10L∶14D photoperiod, weight difference and MRGR of green color morphs decreased respectively by 6.76% and 14.63% compared with those of red color morphs under middle light intensity ( P st , 2 nd , and 4 th instar of green color morphs prolonged respectively by 0.23 d, 0.60 d and 0.33 d under middle light intensity ( P P P P P P P > 0.05). In summary, longer photoperiods had positive effect on growth and development of the two color morphs of pea aphid. Moreover, stronger light intensity and shorter light cycle significantly delayed development of the two color morphs of pea aphids. Therefore the growth and development of pea aphids was influenced by light intensity, photoperiod and color morph pattern. It was therefore recommended to develop more efficient mechanisms to further study the characteristics of color morph of pea aphids.
为探讨光周期对两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育的影响, 本研究设定了低(103 μmol m -2 s -1 )、中(212 μmol m -2 s -1 )和高(313 μmol m -2 s -1 )3个光照强度, 3个光周期(10L∶14D、16L∶8D和22L∶2D), 测定了两种色型豌豆蚜的龄期、发育历期、体重差、相对日均体重增长率等生物学参数的变化特征。结果表明: 在低光照强度下, 光周期10L∶14D时, 绿色型比红色型豌豆蚜4龄期延长0.21 d( P P >0.05); 光周期16L∶8D时, 红色型比绿色型豌豆蚜3龄期延长0.52 d( P P P >0.05)。中光照强度下, 光周期10L∶14D时, 绿色型比红色型豌豆蚜体重差减轻6.76%, 相对日均体重增长率减小14.63%, 均为差异显著( P P >0.05); 光周期16L∶8D时, 绿色型比红色型豌豆蚜1龄期、2龄期、4龄期延长0.23 d、0.60 d、0.33 d, 发育历期延长, 体重差减轻28.84%, 相对日均体重增长率减小37.21%, 均为差异显著( P P P P P >0.05)。综上, 在不同光照强度下, 光照时间越长, 两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育越好; 光照强度越强, 光周期越短, 两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育显著迟缓。由此可见, 光周期对两种色型豌豆蚜生长发育的影响与光照强度相关, 且红色和绿色型豌豆蚜对光周期的反应均不相同。
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2013
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王小强, 韩秀楠, 曹馨月, 张廷伟, 刘长仲. 豌豆品种对绿色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21(8): 1004-1008. Wang XQ, Ha XN, Cao XY, Zhang TW, Liu CZ. Effects of different garden pea cultivars on population parameters of the green morph of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture, 2013, 21(8): 1004-1008. (in Chinese)
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: aphidiae), is a destructive agricultural pest of a wide range of leguminous crops. Pea aphids have strong reproductive capacity, especially green morph of pea aphid. To build the theoretical basis for garden pea variety selection and comprehensive treatment for A. pisum , the effects of four different garden pea cultivars ("Grass pea", "Dingwan1", "Dingwan2" and "G1997") on population change of green morph of A. pisum were investigated under constant temperature [(23±1) ℃], relative humidity (70%~80%) and illumination time (16 h). The study determined the demographic characteristics of the green morph of A. pisum , including population parameters, developmental duration, fecundity and survival. The results showed significant differences in the durations of different developmental stages and highest fecundity per female lifetime of the green morph of A. pisum in the four different garden pea cultivars. The generation was longest (17.92 d) in "G1997" and shortest (12.69 d) in "Grass pea". The highest fecundity per female lifetime (117) was in "G1997" and the lowest (60) in "Grass pea". All the survival curves were of Deevey type I. The net reproductive rates ( R 0 ) were 40.569 2, 37.952 4, 31.607 8 and 25.000 0 in "Dingwan2", "Dingwan1", "G1997" and "Grass pea", respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) was maximum (0.275 8) in "Dingwan1" and minimum in "G1997". The survival rate was highest in "G1997", followed by "Dingwan2", "Dingwan1" and "Grass pea". The time ( t ) for population doubling of the green morph of A. pisum in "G1997", "Dingwan2", "Grass pea" and "Dingwan1" was 3.675 0 d, 2.867 6 d, 2.729 8 d and 2.513 1 d, respectively. Furthermore, the mean generation time ( T ) was minimum (12.679 3 d) in "Grass pea" and maximum (18.314 5 d) in "G1997". The results indicated that green morph of A. pisum population in the pea cultivars decreased in order of "Dingwan1" > "Dingwan2" > "Grass pea" > "G1997".
王森山, 许永霞, 曹致中, 师尚礼, 贺春贵. 苜蓿品种( 系)对苜蓿斑蚜存活率和生殖力的影响. 昆虫学报, 2008, 51(7): 774-777. Wang SS, Xu YX, Cao ZZ, Shi SL, He CG. Effects of alfalfa varieties on the survival rate and fecundity of Therioaphis maculata(Buckton) (Hemiptera: Aphidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2008, 51(7): 774-777. (in Chinese)
Effects of four alfalfa varieties on survival rate and fecundity of Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) were investigated at 25℃ in the laboratory. The results showed that the survival rates of the aphid in the 3-leaf,6-leaf and adult stages were the lowest in HA-3 (8.00%±1.15%, 21.27%±7.40%, and 17.07%±3.03%, respectively), and the highest in Hu (25.63%±3.68%, 42.27%±2.76%, and 55.10%±0.19%, respectively). The survival rate was lower in seedling stage than in adult stage. The level of alfalfa resistance was in order of HA-3>G3>JH>Hu using the innate capacity of increase (rm) and the nymph survival rate as the indices of alfalfa antibiosis to the aphid,and this is correspondent well with that in fields.
赵紫华, 王颖, 贺达汉, 张蓉, 朱猛蒙, 董风林. 苜蓿草地生境丧失与破碎化对昆虫物种丧失与群落重建的影响. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(4): 453-462. Zhao ZH, WangY, He DH, ZhangR, Zhu MM, Dong FL. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on species loss and colonizationof insect communities in experimental alfalfa land scapes. Biodiversity Science, 2011, 19(4): 453-462. (in Chinese)
In agro-ecosystems, habitat loss and fragmentation may alter insect assemblages such as ladybug beetles and aphids, potentially affecting important ecological interactions. We used an experimental model system (EMS) with multiple micro-landscapes in which the habitat loss and habitat fragmentation impacts were distinguishable to test the following hypotheses: (1) Habitat removal results in short-term increases in population density in remaining habitat patches (crowding effect); (2) For the same total habitat area on a landscape, insect density will be higher in landscapes with more but smaller patches and more habitat edge than in less fragmented landscapes; (3) This positive effect of fragmentation on density is larger in landscapes with small inter-patch distances, and these last two effects on colonization should be reduced or disappear over time following habitat removal. This EMS included 18 fragmented and 18 clumped experimental plots. Alfalfa was cut to 1 m×1 m patches in fragmented plots (H=1) and retained the whole patches in continual plots (H=0). Habitat loss was designed to 90%, 80%, 70%, 50%, 20% and 0% respectively. Every plot was 3 times replicated and 0% of habitat loss was CK. Net sweeping, barber traps and clapper boards were used to investigate insect species in experimental alfalfa landscapes. 38 species were divided into 4 groups and di-versity and abundance of every group were caculated and the relationship between diversity and habitat loss was analyzed. In our EMS, there was little support for the threshold phenomenon or for general effects of ha-bitat loss and fragmentation, although this conclusion needs to be tempered by the limited duration of the experiment. We observed no threshold in species loss after habitat fragmentation and habitat loss in experi-mental alfalfa landscapes. The species number in fragmented habitat was higher than that in continual habitat under the same degree of habitat loss. Insect abundance was lower in micro-landscapes with 80–90% habitat loss than in CK. As for species, individuals in fragmented habitat were higher than that in continual habitat under the same degree of habitat loss. Insect diversity did not differ among variously treated mi-cro-landscapes. It appears that insect colonization is low in micro-landscapes with 80–90% habitat loss; spe-cies richness, abundance and diversity were all significantly lower than that in CK, especially in fragmented habitats. Herbivorous species appear to colonize more rapidly than predatory species after habitat fragmenta-tion and loss in experimental alfalfa landscapes. Our results did not support our first, but provided some sup-port for the other two hypotheses. We suggest that fragmentation decreased the rate of immigration to patches, resulting in lower population densities in more fragmented landscapes. These results could be used to guide spatial and temporal aspects of the design of agricultural systems in order to enhance natural preda-tor populations in agricultural landscapes and suppress pest population to the greatest extent.
1 School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021 2 State Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021 3 Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002 4 Extension Service Centre for Agricultural Techniques, Guyuan, Ningxia 756000
王佛生, 邓芸, 霍转芳. 陇东黄土高原苜蓿田昆虫群落的组成与结构分析. 草业科学, 2011, 28(12): 2195-2199. Wang FS, DengY, Huo ZF. Composition and structures of insect community of alfalfa pasture in the Longdong Loess Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(12): 2195-2199. (in Chinese)
A field survey was conducted to determine the composition and structures of insect community of alfalfa pasture in the Longdong loess plateau of. This study showed that the total number of insects was 21021, and they were subordinated to 12 orders, 69 families and 115 species, in which the species were the most from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera families, and the individual number of Homoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera were the biggest. The dominant species were Acyrthosiphon pisum, Sitona lineatus and Adelphocoris lineolatus. The pest, the natural redator, the neutral insects and beneficial insects accounted for 67.54%, 19.79%, 11.20% and 1.47%, respectively.
张娜, 赵莉, 柴颜军. 不同温度下苜蓿叶象甲实验种群生命表研究. 草地学报, 2010, 18(5): 726-730. ZhangN, ZhaoL, Chai YJ. Life table of the laboratory population of Hypera postica(Gyllenhal)at different temperatures. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(5): 726-730. (in Chinese)
Life tables of laboratory population of Hypera postica were constructed at 18,22,26 and 30℃,respectively.Results show that development increase as temperature increases from 18℃to 30℃,and meet logistic models.The developmental temperature threshold for egg,larva,prepupa,pupa and preoviposition stages of adults is 8.82,10.47,8.60,11.91,9.53℃,respectively.The effective accumulated temperature for egg,larva,prepupa,pupa and preoviposition stages of adults is 99.38,143.80,48.63,55.71,140.15℃ per day,respectively.The effective accumulated temperature of the entire generation is 480.96℃ per day.Survival curves followed the ’Price A’ pattern for these studies.Both generation survival rates(47.6%) and number of nymphs produced by one female(847.7 eggs) reached the highest at 26℃.Either generation survival rate( S ) or population trend index( I ) may be described as a function of temperature(t) in parabola curves,The optimal temperature range for growth and development of Hypera postica was between 25 and 27℃.
College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjing Uigur Autonomous Reyion 830052, China
为了研究温度对苜蓿叶象甲( Hypera postica Gyllenhal)种群动态的影响,组建了其在18℃,22℃,26℃,30℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明:18~30℃范围内,苜蓿叶象甲发育速率随温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型。苜蓿叶象甲的卵、幼虫、前蛹、蛹及产卵前期成虫的发育起点温度分别为8.82,10.47,8.60,11.91和9.53℃,有效积温分别为99.38,143.80,48.63,55.71和140.15℃·d,完成整个世代需要的有效积温为480.96℃·d。实验温度条件下其生存曲线呈A型,26℃时世代存活率及单雌产卵量最高,分别为47.6%,847.7粒。苜蓿叶象甲世代存活率( S )、种群趋势指数( I )与温度(t)间均呈抛物线关系,其生长发育繁殖的最适温区为25~27℃。
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2010
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2013
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1996
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2014
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2007
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姜双林. 紫花苜蓿草地节肢动物群落功能团和营养层的多样性. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(4): 519-522. Jiang SL. Diversity in functional group and nutritional class of arthropod community on cultivated lucerne grassland . Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 519-522. (in Chinese)
An investigation was made on the composition and structure of arthropod community on cultivated lucerne grassland in Qingyang City, Gansu Province. A total of 81 species belonging to 38 families and 15 orders were collected. According to the trophic level and feeding mode, three nutritional classes and fourteen functional groups were established, and the temporal dynamics of the diversities in species, functional group, and nutritional class were analyzed. The results indicated that during the growth season of lucerne, the species of arthropod community had the highest diversity, followed by functional group, and nutritional class. Both species diversity and nutritional class diversity had significant correlations with functional group diversity ( P similar temporal variation trend with species biodiversity, while functional group diversity had less fluctuation. In studying the composition and structure of arthropod communities, species study could be replaced by functional group study to simplify the complicated network relationships among the species in the community, while functional group diversity could be used in evaluating the community similarity and stability.
Department of Life Science, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, Gansu, China
用网捕、手捕和巴氏诱罐法对紫花苜蓿草地的节肢动物进行了系统调查,采集到标本9 225头,隶属15目38科81种;根据营养水平和取食关系归为3个营养层(基位物种、中位物种和顶位物种)和14个功能团,分析了苜蓿地节肢动物群落的物种、优势功能团和营养层多样性的时序动态。结果表明,在苜蓿的整个生长季节,物种多样性>功能团多样性>营养层多样性,物种多样性和营养层多样性分别与功能团多样性之间的相关性均达到极显著水平( P <0.01)。功能团多样性与物种多样性的变化趋势较一致,营养层多样性在时间序列过程中波动性较小。在群落研究中,可以用对功能团的研究代替对物种的研究,从而简化物种间复杂的网络关系。功能团多样性可用于群落相似性和稳定性分析。
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2004
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刘长仲, 周淑荣. 刈割对苜蓿人工草地昆虫群落结构及动态的影响. 生态学报, 2004, 24(3): 542-546. Liu CZ, Zhou SR. Cutting effects on the insect community structure and dynamics of alfalfa pasture. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(3): 542-546. (in Chinese)
Cutting is an important measure in maintaining alfalfa pasture. Choice of times and intervals for cutting directly affect the insect community composition and dynamics. The seasonal dynamics of insect communities on alfalfa pasture were investigated with biodiversity measures including species richness (S), unit numbers (N), Shannon's Index (H′), and evenness (E). The results showed that, in terms of species richness of the community, cutting influenced some rare species of insect pests rather than dominati...
刘长仲, 严林, 魏列新, 张方, 钱秀娟. 刈割对苜蓿主要害虫种群数量动态的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(3): 691-694. Liu CZ, YanL, Wei LX, ZhangF, Qian XJ. Effects of cutting on the population dynamics of main insect pests on alfalfa. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(3): 691-694. (in Chinese)
A systematic investigation was made on the effects of cutting on the population dynamics of main insect pests on alfalfa in Dingxi of Gansu Province. The results showed that the effects of cutting varied significantly with the kinds of insect pests. The seasonal average population densities of Therioaphis trifolii, Acyrthosiphon pisum and thrips decreased significantly and maintained at a low level under the first cutting in early June, but less variation was observed under the second cutting in mid-July. Plant bug presented somewhat different picture. In the early period of first cutting, its seasonal average population density decreased significantly but increased then, and was significantly higher in early August, compared with that in uncut field. Opposite with T. trifolii, A. pisum and thrips, the seasonal average population density of plant bug was more affected by second cutting.
1 Department of Entomology, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2 Department of Grassland Science, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810003, China; 3 Library of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
朱猛蒙, 孙玉荣, 张蓉, 于钊, 黄文广. 基于GIS的苜蓿斑蚜区域化预测预报技术初步研究. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 163-169. Zhu MM, Sun YR, ZhangR, YuZ, Huang WG. Preliminary study technique on area forecast of Therioaphis trifolii based on GIS. Acta Prataculture Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 163-169. (in Chinese)
以宁夏南部山区苜蓿种植区为重点研究区域,运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,结合所建立的苜蓿斑蚜预测预报模型: y =2298.017-21.754 x 1 -47.096 x 3 +1.473 x 4 ( y :苜蓿斑蚜发生量, x 1 :6月降水量, x 3 :6月上旬瓢虫密度, x 4 :6月上旬苜蓿斑蚜基数),在ArcGIS9.2软件上对宁夏南部山区苜蓿斑蚜进行了发生分布和预测分布模拟。结果表明,所建立的基于“GIS”的苜蓿斑蚜区域化预测预报技术,应用范围广,预测结果直观、精准地反映了宁夏南部山区30万hm 2 苜蓿斑蚜发生范围、重发区域及不同发生程度的面积和比例,经抽样调查,预警准确率平均达到96.6%。
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朱猛蒙, 蔡凤环, 张蓉, 马建华. 宁夏固原苜蓿斑蚜种群发生的适宜生境. 植物保护学报, 2011, 38(1): 25-30. Zhu MM, Cai FH, ZhangR, Ma JH. Suitable habitat of the spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii populationsin Guyuan City, Ningxia. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 2011, 38(1): 25-30. (in Chinese)
As the suitable habitats of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii, were not clear and the prediction technology was fallen behind in Ningxia, we analyzed the suitable habitat of T.trifolii in a large scale based on GIS. The interpolation maps of T.trifolii population in Guyuan City in different periods were overlapped with the ecological regionalization map and digital altitude map, aimed to analyze the relationships of T.trifolii population density with its ecological environment and geographical distribution. The results showed, in the study area, the occurrence and distribution of T.trifolii had close relations with climate, geomorphology, and altitude. The suitable habitat of T.trifolii was located in the semi-arid plain area and semi-arid holly area at the altitude 1 501-2 100 m, while the most possible occurrence area was the semi-arid plain at the altitude 1 701-2 100 m. By combining the suitable habitat with the interpolation maps of T.trifolii population in different periods, the spatial dynamics of T.trifolii population in variety of ecological areas could be analyzed quantitatively.
朱猛蒙, 刘艳, 张蓉, 黄文广. 苜蓿草地害虫-天敌典型相关及生态位分析. 草业学报, 2013, 22(6): 159-166. Zhu MM, LiuY, ZhangR, Huang WG. Canonical correlation between pests and natural enemies and their niches in alfalfa grassland s. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 2013, 22(6): 159-166. (in Chinese)
苜蓿是我国西北地区最重要的人工牧草,近年来害虫爆发严重,为此在宁夏南部山区选择了2个典型的苜蓿种植区域,采用五点取样法进行系统监测,调查苜蓿害虫及其天敌种群数量,对天敌与害虫的协同关系和生态位进行分析,初步得出:随种植年限的增加,田间昆虫群落趋于动态平衡,天敌对害虫的跟随期缩短,大约在1周左右;个监测点害虫亚群落与天敌亚群落的标准化线性组合分别为: V 1 =0.532 X 1 +0.326 X 2 +0.035 X 3 ; W 1 =0.108 Y 1 +0.482 Y 2 +0.035 Y 3 -0.113 Y 4 和V 1 =0.356 X 1 -0.163 X 2 +0.008 X 3 ; W 1 =0.063 Y 1 +0.526 Y 2 +0.103 Y 3 -0.038 Y 4 ,说明刺吸类害虫种群数量较大,但易受天敌的控制;食叶类害虫、食根类害虫与食花类害虫的天敌资源较为缺乏,此类害虫对苜蓿草地的潜在威胁性较大;天敌在空间广度上和宽度上的生态位明显比害虫广泛,表明天敌在更大的范围内搜索食物;瓢虫类优势天敌多异瓢虫与苜蓿斑蚜生态位接近,表明多异瓢虫是控制苜蓿斑蚜的重要天敌。这些结果为我国西北人工苜蓿害虫综合控制和可持续发展提供了重要的基础数据和理论。
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刘长仲, 杜军利, 张廷伟, 钱秀娟, 陈应武. 温度对三叶草彩斑蚜种群参数的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(7): 1927-1932. Liu CZ, Du JL, Zhang TW, Qian XJ, Chen YW. Effects of temperature on population parameters of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell)(Homoptera: Aphididae). Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(7): 1927-1932. (in Chinese)
To investigate the effects of temperature on the population growth of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) (Homoptera: Aphididae), a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the development, reproduction, and life table of the spotted alfalfa aphid at nine constant temperatures ranged from 15 to 35 ℃. The aphid could not survive at 35 ℃.The total nymphal period shortened significantly with increasing temperature. From birth to adult stage, it required 18.33 days at 15 ℃, but only 4.02 days at 32 ℃. The survivorship of the nymphs ranged from 40.0% (32 ℃) to 83.6% (25 ℃). The average longevity of the adults ranged from 10.64 days at 32 ℃ to 20.87 days at 23 ℃. The reproductive peak was advanced with increasing temperature, and the reproduction duration at all test temperatures was 3-6 days except that at 15 ℃ (15 days). The average fecundity and the highest fecundity were the highest at 25 ℃, being 82.0 and 149.0 offspring per female aphid, respectively. When the temperature increased, the mean generation time was gradually decreased from 31.17 days at 15 ℃ to 10.17 days at 32 ℃. The net reproductive rate was the highest (6862) at 25 ℃ and the lowest (13.96) at 32 ℃. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.10-0.30 per day, with the highest at 28 ℃ but the lowest at 15 ℃. The developmental threshold temperature and thermal constant of the nymphs were 9.35 ℃ and 97.83 daydegrees, respectively. Unary quadratic equation could be used to describe the relationships of the fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic growth rate with the temperature.
(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem/Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Grassland Engineering, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China)
寇江涛, 师尚礼, 胡桂馨, 周万海. 紫花苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马为害的光合生理响应. 生态学报, 2014, 34(20): 5782-5792. Kou JK, Shi SL, Hu GX, Zhou WH. Photosynthetic physiological response of Medicago sativa to odontothrips loti damage. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(20): 5782-5792. (in Chinese)
Plant photosynthetic capability usually changes after damage by a herbivorous pest. Photosynthetic compensation is the physiological response of the plant to pest damage with the level of compensation varying with the change in pest damage. This paper explores the photosynthetic response mechanism of alfalfa to the dominant insect- Odontothrips loti -and explains the compensatory mechanism of alfalfa to thrip damage. The thrip resistant clone, R-1 and susceptible clone, I-1 were used to investigate the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter changes under different insect densities (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 per branch, respectively), Photosynthesis equipment, GFS-3000 (Walz,Germany) and modulated chlorophyll fluorometer imaging-PAM (Walz,Germany) were used. For the 7 per branch treatment, the results indicate that the chlorophyll content of R-1 initially increased and then decreased, while the chlorophyll content of I-1 decreased. For R-1, the chlorophyll content was 11.32% lower than CK (0 thrip per branch), and for the 3, 5, and 7 per branch treatments of I-1, the chlorophyll contents were 14.05%, 22.02% and 26.27% lower than CK, respectively. For both R-1 and I-1, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and water use efficiency ( WUE ) decreased, while the intracellular concentration of CO 2 ( C i ), stomatal conductance ( G s ) and transpiration rate ( T r ) increased. For R-1, the P n of 3, 5, and 7 per branch treatments were 6.98%, 19.03% and 20.11% lower than CK, and the WUE of all the treatments were 16.32%, 23.95%, 37.12% and 45.89% lower than CK. For I-1 treatments, the P n of all the treatments were 5.38%, 8.77%, 22.47% and 35.66% lower than CK, and the WUE were 25.23%, 31.05%, 45.78% and 61.81% lower than CK, respectively. The chlorophyll content, WUE and P n of R-1 were all greater than I-1 under the same insect density. As insect density increased, the initial fluorescence ( F 0 ) increased, which for the R-1 clone resulted in F 0 for 5 and 7 per branch treatments of 6.99% and 9.13% higher than CK, respectively. For the I-1 clone, all the treatments were 2.81%, 6.45%, 12.36% and 14.93% higher than CK, respectively. The actual photosynthetic efficiency ( Ф PSⅡ ) of PSⅡ, non-photochemical quenching coefficient ( NPQ ), photochemical quenching coefficient ( qP ), potential activity ( F v / F 0 ) of PSⅡ and original light transformation efficiency ( Ф PSⅡ ) of PSⅡ decreased for both R-1 and I-1. Among which the F v / F 0 of 3, 5 and 7 per branch treatments for the R-1 clone were 5.07%, 16.74% and 21.19% lower than CK and the F v / F m of 5 and 7 per branch treatments were 3.50% and 4.63% lower than CK, respectively. For the I-1 clone, F v / F 0 of all the treatments were 8.24%, 13.68%, 22.88% and 28.04% lower than CK, and the F v / F m were 1.67%, 2.91%, 5.31% and 6.86% lower than CK, respectively. Under the same insect density, R-1 was found to have a lower F 0 but higher Ф PSⅡ , qP , F v / F 0 and F v / F m , when compared with I-1. As a rule, the gas exchange parameter and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameter of R-1 fluctuated less than I-1, indicating that the thrip's rasping-sucking damage had injured the chloroplast tissue of alfalfa leaves, decreased the anabolism of chlorophyll, aggravated leaf transpiration, decreased WUE, and therefore affected alfalfa photosynthesis. The thylakoid membrane in the alfalfa leaves and PSⅡ reaction center were injured, which decreased the absorption of light energy, and impeded the photosynthetic electron transport, reducing its photosynthetic efficiency. While under lower insect densities (1 per branch, 3 per branch), the R-1 clone had a stronger capability to adjust for water loss and usage after being damaged by the thrip, demonstrating adaptability to the thrip's rasping-sucking damage through internal regulation, lowering PSⅡ damage, with higher absorption, transmission, use and conversion efficiency. Therefore the R-1 clone was found to have a stronger resistance to thrips when compared with the I-1 clone, as expressed by the higher photosynthetic efficiency and photosynthetic compensation effect.
为了探索紫花( Medicago sativa L.)苜蓿对优势种害虫——牛角花齿蓟马( Odontothrips loti Haliday)为害的光合生理响应机制,揭示苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马为害的补偿机制,以抗蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和感蓟马苜蓿无性系I-1为材料,测定不同虫口密度牛角花齿蓟马为害后R-1、I-1无性系气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数的变化。结果表明:随着牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度的增加,R-1无性系叶绿素含量先升高后降低,I-1无性系叶绿素含量降低,R-1、I-1无性系的净光合速率( P n )和水分利用效率( WUE )降低,胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )、气孔导度( G s )和蒸腾速率( T r )升高;在相同虫口密度下,R-1无性系的叶绿素含量、 P n 、 WUE 均高于I-1无性系。随着虫口密度的增加,R-1、I-1无性系的初始荧光( F 0 )升高,PSⅡ实际光合效率( Ф PSⅡ )、非光化学淬灭系数( NPQ )、光化学淬灭系数( qP )、PSⅡ潜在活性( F v / F 0 )和PSⅡ原初光能转化效率( F v / F m )均降低;在相同虫口密度下,R-1无性系的 F 0 低于I-1无性系,R-1无性系的 Ф PSⅡ 、 qP 、 F v / F 0 和 F v / F m 均高于I-1无性系。从各个指标的变化幅度来看,随着虫口密度的增加,R-1无性系气体交换参数和绿素荧光动力学参数的增幅、降幅均小于I-1无性系。说明牛角花齿蓟马为害造成了紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心受损,使得紫花苜蓿对光能的利用能力下降,光合效率降低。但在低虫口密度(1、3头/枝条)下,R-1无性系具有较高的光合效率,光合补偿效应显著大于I-1无性系,说明R-1无性系对牛角花齿蓟马为害具有较强的抗性。
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武德功, 贺春贵, 刘长仲, 杜军利, 胡桂馨, 王森山. 不同苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜的生化抗性机制. 草地学报, 2011, 19(3): 497-501. Wu DG, He CG, Liu CZ, Du JL, Hu GX, Wang SS. Biochemical resistance mechanism of Medicago sativa to Acyrthosiphon pisum. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(3): 497-501. (in Chinese)
Leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistance to pea aphids( Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) were used as tested material.The dynamics of chlorophyll,soluble protein,total phenolic contents and the activity of Polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were tested using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and catalase activity was tested by potassium permanganate to study the relationship between aphid stress and physiological activity.Results indicated that the activities of PPO in all varieties initially increased then declined when their leaves were pierced by sucking aphids.PPO activities of resistant variety(G5) were higher than that of susceptible variety(Hu) and low resistant varieties(G3,JH) before invasion by pea aphids,whereas PPO activities resistant variety(G5) decreased rapidly,then were lower than that of susceptible variety(Hu) after infection by pea aphids.Throughout the period of aphid attacks,total phenolic content and CAT activity of resistant variety(G5) were higher than that of susceptible variety(Hu) and low resistant varieties(G3,JH).The chlorophyll content of the susceptible variety(Hu) was higher than that of low resistant varieties(G3,JH),lower than that of resistant variety(G5).Soluble protein content of resistant variety(G5) and the susceptible variety(Hu) were lower than that of low resistant cultivars(G3,JH),except soluble protein content of G5 and Hu were higher than that of G3 on the third day after pea aphids invading.The chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and CAT activities displayed a decreasing trend in all varieties.Results indicated that the chlorophyll,soluble protein contents,and PPO did not have explicit correlation with the resistance of M.sativa to pea aphid,whereas total phenolic content and CAT have positive correlations.
Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education/Sino-U.S.Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
武德功, 王森山, 刘长仲, 胡桂馨, 杜军利, 贺春贵. 豌豆蚜刺吸胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内单宁含量及生理活性的影响. 草地学报, 2011, 19(2): 351-355. Wu DG, Wang SS, Liu CZ, Hu GX, Du JL, He CG. Effects of herbivore stress by Acyrthosiphon pisum on the contents of tannin and physiological activity in different alfalfa cultivars. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(2): 351-355. (in Chinese)
It is necessary to study the relationship between aphid stress and physiological activity in different alfalfa varieties for breeding of resistant alfalfa varieties and sustainable control of aphids.The dynamics of Malondialdehyde(MDA) and Tannin contents and the activities of protective enzymes(Superoxide dismutase(SOD),Peroxidase(POD)) were studied in the leaves of four alfalfa cultivars,Gannong No.5(G5),Gannong No.3(G3),Gloden Empress(JH),and Hunter River(Hu),infested by pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris.Results show that the MDA contents of resistant variety(G5) were lower than that of the susceptible variety(Hu) and low resistant varieties(G3) when their leaves were piercing-sucked by the aphid.The Tannin contents of resistant variety(G5) and the susceptible variety(Hu) were lower than that of the low resistant ones(G3 and JH),While the SOD and POD activities in the susceptible variety(Hu) appeared lower than that of the resistant variety(G5) and low resistant varieties(G3,JH).Throughout the period of aphid attacks,the activities of SOD and POD of all varieties rose initially then declined,whereas the dynamics of MDA and Tannin contents of four alfalfa cultivars were irregular.Therefore,under the aphid stress,the contents of MDA and the activity of SOD,POD in susceptible,low resistant and resistant varieties are closely related to the aphid-resistance of alfalfa.These biochemical markers may be used as physiological indices for aphid-resistance appraisal.However,the relationship between Tannin contents and aphid-resistance of alfalfa requires further research.
Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education/Sino-U.S.Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
张燕, 吴国星, 郭昆, 王炜, 丁旭坡, 宋希明, 许永玉, 崔峰. 豌豆蚜唾液蛋白家族的克隆及在不同发育阶段的表达. 昆虫学报, 2011, 54(12): 1445-1451. ZhangY, Wu GX, GuoK, WangW, Ding XP, Song XM, Xu YY, CuiF. Cloning and expression profiling of a saliva protein family at different developmental stages in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2011, 54(12): 1445-1451. (in Chinese)
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , is an important piercingsucking pest. The secreted saliva plays roles in feeding host plants and virus transmission. In order to explore the function of saliva proteins, we cloned an unknown protein family that is highly expressed in salivary glands of the pea aphid. The family consists of 13 genes, which encode 14 proteins, and four of them are highly expressed in salivary glands. The family is unique to aphids and enriched in cysteine. Fourteen cysteines are conserved, 6 of which form three CXXC domains. Genes of this family have no introns and are distributed in 9 scaffolds of the aphid genome. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that there was no stage-specific expression for this family. We speculate that the expression of this family may be tissue-specific and this protein family probably has the functions of oxidoreductases or DNA methyltransferases.
College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
张云华, 王强, 刘静, 张鹏飞, 陈建群. 豌豆蚜基因组P450基因家族的分析. 昆虫学报, 2010, 53(8): 849-856. Zhang YH, WangQ, LiuJ, Zhang PF, Chen JQ. A genome-wide analysis of P450 gene families in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). Entomologica Sinica, 2010, 53(8): 849-856. (in Chinese)
Cytochrome P450 plays a dominant role in the metabolism of a wide variety of both endogenous and xenobiotic substances. The evolution of P450 gene function was analyzed in the genome of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , using the mRNA and amino acid data. A genome-wide analysis of P450 genes was performed in pea aphid genome by bioinformatical methods. The results showed that sixty-nine P450 genes were discovered in pea aphid genome, which are of a typical superfamily and belong to 13 families and 18 subfamilies. We collected expression sequence tag (EST) evidence for 39 putative P450s genes, which are expressed at the transcriptional level and more likely to be true P450s. Because of significant differences in gene sequences, among 69 P450 genes 18 genes could not partitioned into any group, while the rest 51 P450 genes were partitioned into 10 groups by a criterion that the genes belong to a group when their amino acid identity is more than 60%. Positive selection and gene conversion were analyzed in 8 groups (including 47 genes). Positive selection was detected in only one group (including 9 genes). The positively selected sites with a more than 95% probability were 20T and 27N, located in substrate recognition site (SRS1) and D-helix, respectively. The significant gene conversion events were detected in 3 groups (8 sequences). P450 genes that identified gene conversion events were members of CYP4 family, which were CYP 4C , CYP 4G and CYP4V subfamily, respectively. Protein similarity between P450 genes with gene conversion was 70%-95%. P450 genes with gene conversion lay in the same scaffold, e.g. , M_001944991 and XM_001951794 lay in SCAFFOLD12542, while XM_001945510 and XM_001944057 lay in SCAFFOLD7010. The results suggest that P450 genes may gain new function through gene duplication and gene conversion. Moreover, twenty motifs were identified, of which 5 motifs existed in over 90% of P450 genes.
武丽娟, 樊永亮, 宋月, 张战凤, 刘小凤, 刘同先. 蚜虫蛋白质组双向电泳体系条件优化. 植物保护学报, 2014, 41(6): 649-656. Wu LJ, Fan YL, SongY, Zhang ZF, Liu XF, Liu TX. Optimization of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technology system for aphid proteome. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 2014, 41(6): 649-656. (in Chinese)
This study aims to optimize a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) system for studying total protein of aphids. In the experiment, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was used. Three different methods of protein extraction, namely lysate extraction, TCA-acetone precipitation and saturated phenol extraction, were compared. The factors including loading amount of protein samples and two kinds of different IPG strips (pH 3-10 nonlinear and pH 4-7) were tested. The results showed that there were significant differences among the different extraction methods. The saturated phenol extraction yielded the highest amount of 5.34±0.26 mg/g protein as well as the best richness of proteins. For aphid 2-DE proteome research, the following protocol should be adopted: pH 3-10 nonlinear IPG strip, 100 μg protein loading amount, 12.5% gel for SDS-PAGE, and silver staining. This method had detected a total of 1 803±42 protein spots with a highly reproducible result in the proteomic study of the pea aphid.
为优化有效分离蚜虫全蛋白的双向电泳体系,以豌豆蚜 Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)为材料,比较了不同蛋白提取方法(裂解液提取法、三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法、饱和酚抽提法)、蛋白上样量、IPG胶条pH梯度等条件对蚜虫全蛋白双向电泳的影响。结果表明:不同的蛋白提取方法所获得的豌豆蚜全蛋白提取率有显著差异,其中以饱和酚抽提法的提取率最高,为5.34±0.26 mg/g,且所提取的蛋白种类丰富度也优于其它2种方法;当蛋白上样量为100 μg时所得蛋白点为1 793±36个,高于其它上样量;相同条件下选用11 cm pH 3~10非线性IPG胶条时所得蛋白点为1 803±42个,优于pH 4~7的IPG胶条。表明采用饱和酚抽提法进行提取蛋白,选用11 cm pH 3~10非线性IPG胶条,以蛋白银染方法、分离胶浓度为12.5%进行双向电泳时最适蛋白上样量为100 μg,所得可识别蛋白质点最高,且重复性试验匹配率高,可用于豌豆蚜蛋白质组学研究。
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2014
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魏金金, 曹德盼, 杨婷, 王桂荣. 豌豆蚜温度受体基因Painless的克隆及时间和组织表达. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(19): 3799-3809. Wei JJ, Cao DP, YangT, Wang GR. Cloning and spatio-temporal expression of the thermoreceptor gene painless in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Scientia Agricultural Sinica, 2014, 47(19): 3799-3809. (in Chinese)
【Objective】 The objective of this study is to clone acandidate thermoreceptor gene Painless in the antenna of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum , and to illustrate the protein structure encoded by this gene, further to characterize the expression profiles of this gene across developmental stages and in different tissues. 【Method】 Based on the sequence of Painless from Drosophila melanogaster , full-length sequence of the ApisPainless from AphidBase was predicted by bioinformatic analysis, andthe gene was cloned with cDNA template obtained from pea aphid antennae and specific primers were designed by Primer premier 5.0 software using RT-PCR. After determining the consistency of cloned sequence with predicted one by DNAMAN software, the protein structure of ApisPainless was depicted through the online tool SMART (simple modular architecture research tool) according to the analysis of ankyrin repeats at N-terminus and transmembrane domains. Subsequently, the Clustal Omega software was introduced to conduct alignment and analysis of ApisPainless with DmelPainless isforms (A, B and C). The phylogenetic tree was constructed for the analysis of insect TRP (transient receptor potential) channel superfamily, especially for the subfamily TRPA, which includes 4 members of TRPA1, Painless (ApisPainless), Pyrexia and Water witch, by comparing the length of their protein sequences and ankyrin repeats at N-terminus. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to characterize the relative expression levels of ApisPainless at different developmental stages (1st-4th instar nymphs and adults) and in different tissues (antennae, heads, legs, and thoraxes and abdomens). 【Result】 The ApisPainless was successfully predicted and cloned, with a complete CDS of 2 832 bp, encoding 943 amino acids. Protein structure analysis indicated the ApisPainless had 8 ankyrin repeats and 6 transmembrane domains. The ApisPainless was more similar to the DmelPainless isoform A with the similarity of 42.3%, and clustered to the insect Painless cluster based on the results of multiple sequence alignment and phyl ogenetic analysis, respectively. TRPA1 was composed of about 1 200 amino acids, making it the longest among the TRPA subfamily, followed by Water witch, Pyrexia and Painless, with 920-1 000 amino acids. In addition, there were 8 ankyrin repeats observed at N-terminus in Painless, while 9 in both Water witch and Pyrexia, and 15-16 in TRPA1. ApisPainless was expressed at the highest level in the 1st instar nymphs, even though it was universally expressed across all the stages. Tissue-specific expression analysis elucidated that ApisPainless was expressed in a whole body-expressing manner, but mostly expressed in antennae, followed by legs. 【Conclusion】 ApisPainless obtained in this study was clustered to Painless , which is a member of insect TRPA subfamily. The ApisPainless is highly expressed in antennae and legs of pea aphids, which implies that it may be involved in noxious heat sensation, mechanosensation and gustatory detection as its homolog Painless in D . melanogaster .
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
王小强, 刘长仲. 阿维菌素亚致死剂量下2种色型豌豆蚜解毒酶活力的研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(6): 675-681. Wang XQ, Liu CZ. Detoxification enzymes activities in two color morphs of pea aphid treated with different sub-lethal concentrations of avermectin. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(6): 675-681. (in Chinese)
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: aphidiae), is an important agricultural pest for a wide range of leguminous crops with a very strong reproductive capacity. Pea aphid is a well-studied species in terms of color polymorphism, which occurs as two distinct (red and green) color morphs. It has been proposed that the occurrence of this color polymorphism was a response to environmental factors (in particular pesticides) which increase the adapting ability of A. pisum to changed environment. The resistance of pea becomes weak or disappeared as pea exposed to red color morphs, indicating biological type characters of A. pisums. To learn pesticides effects on different color morphs of A. pisum , the specific activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) of red and green morphs of A. pisum treated with different sub-lethal concentrations of avermectin were studied in this paper. The results showed that the specific activities of AChE, GSTs and MFO of red and green morphs of A. pisum treated with different concentrations (LC 20 , LC 10 and LC 5 ) of avermectin were higher than those of the control after 24 h. Also the specific activities of GSTs and MFO improved with increasing sub-lethal dosage. However, the specific activity of AChE of red and green morphs of A. pisum reached maximum values of 13.93 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro) and 53.93 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro), respectively, under LC 10 . The specific activity of AChE of green morph of A. pisum was higher than of red morph, and GSTs showed the reverse trend. However, no significant trends were noted in specific activity of MFO between red and green morphs of A. pisum treated with different concentrations. The specific activities of AChE, GSTs and MFO of red and green morphs of A. pisum treated with LC 20 , LC 10 and LC 5 of avermectin decreased or increased with time. Specially, the specific activity of GSTs of green morph of A. pisum treated with different concentrations of avermectin reached the maximum values [which were 49.84 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro) for CK, 48.87 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro) for LC 5 , 42.74 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro) for LC 10 and 45.35 nmol・min -l ・mg -l (pro) for LC 20 ] at 0 h and were significantly higher than those of the rest of the other time scales. In summary, the change in specific activities of AChE, GSTs and MFO of red and green morphs of A. pisum had obvious links with treated concentrations and time.
Acyrthosiphon pisum is one of the most devastating pests of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) in China. Using micro-satellite markers, we studied the genetic similarity and genetic differentiation among the pest geo-populations, and their relationships with genetic distance, geographical distance and elevation. We also evaluated genetic structure of ten A. pisum (green form) populations in different regions of China (Beijing City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Qinghai Provinces). A total of 41 (100%) polymorphic bands were detected using 15 pairs of SSR primers in 300 individuals across 10 populations. The number of observed alleles ( N a ) per locus was 1.592 7 and that of effective alleles ( N e ) was 1.356 9, with Nei's genetic diversity ( H ) of 0.206 6 and Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( I ) of 0.307 6. Populations from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province and Henan Province showed strong genetic diversity. In contrast, genetic diversity of Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shandong Province and Qinghai Province populations was much weak. Overall, there was a high genetic divergence among the 10 A. pisum populations ( G st = 0.399 6). Based on cluster analysis, the 10 A. pisum populations were divided into two distinct clusters. Cluster one (i) consisted of the populations from Shandong and Henan Provinces, while cluster two (ii) consisted of the populations from Beijing City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Qinghai Provinces. Mantel-test analysis showed that genetic distance of A. pisum was no significantly correlated with geographic distance and elevation. As A. pisum (green form) population showed relatively high genetic diversity in China, there was the need to strengthen monitoring and management of pea aphids.
豌豆蚜是我国苜蓿上危害最为严重的害虫之一。利用微卫星标记研究了我国绿色型豌豆蚜10个地理种群的遗传相似性、基因分化、遗传距离与地理距离和海拔之间的关系及其基因结构。选取15对引物扩增300个个体, 共检测到41个多态性条带, 多态性条带百分率(PPB)为100%。10个豌豆蚜地理种群观测等位基因数( N a )为1.592 7, 有效等位基因数( N e )为1.356 9, Nei's基因多样性指数为0.206 6, Shannon-Wiener指数( I )为0.307 6。新疆维吾尔自治区、陕西省、河南省种群的遗传多样性较高, 内蒙古自治区、山东省、青海省种群相对较低。然而, 10个地理种群豌豆蚜(绿色型)的遗传分化较高( G st =0.399 6)。种群聚类分析结果显示, 全部豌豆蚜种群明显聚为两大类群, 山东省、河南省种群为一大类群, 其余为另一大类群。Mentel检测表明, 遗传分化与地理距离、海拔无显著相关性。我国豌豆蚜种群具有非常丰富的遗传多样性, 应加强豌豆蚜的监测和治理。
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2009
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刘长仲, 兰金娜. 苜蓿斑蚜对三个苜蓿品种幼苗氧化酶的影响. 草地学报, 2009, 17(1): 32-35. Liu CZ, Lan JN. Variations of oxidase in the seedling of three alfalfa varieties infested by Therioaphis trifolii Monell (Homoptera: Aphididae). Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2009, 17(1): 32-35. (in Chinese)
It is necessary to study the relationship between aphid stress and oxidases in different alfalfa varieties for breeding of resistant alfalfa varieties and sustainable control of aphids.The changes in the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and polyphenol doxidase(PPO) were studied in seedling leaves of three alfalfa varieties,HA-3(High aphid resistance),Gannong No.3(aphid resistance),and Hunter River(low aphid resistance),infested by Therioaphis trifolii Monell through the artificial inoculation in lab.The results show that the activities of SOD,POD,and PPO in seedling leaves of three alfalfa varieties increased significantly along with the increasing of aphid densities.The changes in the activity of SOD,POD,and PPO of alfalfa seedling leaves after infestation by T.trifolii were significantly different among three alfalfa varieties.The SOD activities in seedling leaves of HA-3 and Gannong No.3 after infestation were higher than that of Hunter River,but the activities of POD and PPO were highest in HA-3,lowest in Hunter River,and middle in Gannong No.3.The differences of protective enzyme activities in three different aphids resistant alfalfa varieties were consistent with their resistant performances in the field.
Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Education Ministry, Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
刘长仲, 严林, 张新瑞, 陈应武, 张方. 蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量的影响. 生态学报, 2008, 28(10): 5188-5193. Liu CZ, YanL, Zhang XR, Chen YW, ZhangF. Effect of imidacloprid spraying on the population dynamics of main insect pests and nantural enemies on alfalfa. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(10): 5188-5193. (in Chinese)
The effect of imidacloprid spray on the population dynamics of primary insect pests and their natural enemies in alfalfa fields was evaluated in DingXi, Gansu Province in 2002. The average number of aphids and thrips across the entire post-spray period (From late May to August 2002) was significantly higher in imidacloprid-treated fields than in untreated fields, while the average number of plant bugs and most natural enemies including coccinellids, Orius minutus, and spiders was drastically reduced in the treated fields. The average population size of parasitic wasps was not significantly different in the treated fields compared with untreated fields across the entire post-spray period. It appeared that imidacloprid spray differentially affected the population dynamics among different insect pests and natural enemies. On the seventh day post-spray in late May, the populations of aphids and thrips in the treated fields were 4.13-fold and 5.2-fold lower than in the untreated fields, respectively. However, these pest populations recovered and increased rapidly in the treated fields. The population numbers were similar by the end of June and even significantly higher than the untreated fields by mid-July. For plant bugs, the population was significantly inhibited in the treated fields in late May, but by late July the population recuperated to untreated-field level. The natural enemies investigated were significantly affected in the treated fields compared with the untreated fields during the period from the imidacloprid spray performed in late May to the end of July. Most natural enemy populations recovered and reached untreated-field levels by early August These observations suggest that imidacloprid spray inhibited insect pest populations only temporarily. Pest populations recovered rapidly resulting in even more serious pest infestation occurring in the late season because of negative impacts of pesticide spray upon the natural enemies.
周兴苗, 雷朝亮. 南方小花蝽对不同猎物捕食作用及利用效率. 生态学报, 2002, 22(12): 2085-2090. Zhou XM, Lei CL. Utilization efficiency and functional response of Orius similis Zheng (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to different preys. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(12): 2085-2090. (in Chinese)
Orius similis Zheng (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important predatory natural enemy in agro\|ecosystem in south of China. Its adults and nymphs can prey Aphis gossypii Glover, Frankliniella formosae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and the eggs or hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera and Anomis flava Fabricius and other pest of Lepidoptera, and it can also eat plant pollen. There has a large quantity of O. similis in cotton field, and it's a kind of natural enem...