The effects of grazing on physical properties (bulk density, water infiltration), chemical properties (soil organic matter, nitrogen) and soil microbes of grassland soils were reviewed based on published literature. The effects of grazing on soil properties were inconsistent, because of the complexity of the soil system, time lag after disturbance and resilience of soil system to perturbation. In general, because of the impact of animal trampling, there are changes in soil pore size distribution as well as ...

介绍了放牧对草原土壤物理性质 (容重、渗透率 )、化学性质 (有机质、N素 )和微生物的影响。由于草原土壤系统本身的复杂性、滞后性和弹性 ,放牧对土壤性质的影响不尽相同。一般而言 ,随放牧强度的增大 ,动物践踏作用的增强 ,土壤孔隙分布的空间格局发生变化 ,土壤的总孔隙减少 ,特别是大孔隙 (>5 0μm)和较大中等孔隙 (9～ 5 0μm)减少 ,使土壤容重增加 ,土壤的渗透阻力加大 ,土壤的保水和持水能力下降。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中 ,超载过牧 ,造成有机质含量降低 ,土壤的团粒结构减少 ,稳定性团聚体减少 ,土壤结构遭到破坏 ,使得土壤容重反而降低。土壤有机质和放牧之间存在复杂的相互关系 ,土壤有机质对放牧的响应受多种因素的影响 ,这些因素包括植被和土壤的初始状况 ;环境因素 ,特别是水分和温度 ;放牧历史 (强度、频率、持续时间和动物类型 )。同时 ,土壤有机质含量低的土壤比含量高的土壤更易受放牧的影响 ,而使有机质发生变化。土壤微生物量碳是最具活性的土壤碳库 ,对环境的变化敏感 ,能较早地指示生态系统功能的变化。当考虑时间尺度时 ,高强度放牧对土壤肥力有负面的影响 ,短期内 ,由于加速了养分的循环效率，产生有利的影响，但长期无管理的超载放牧必然造成系统物质（资源）输入和输出的不平衡，最终导致草原生态系统退化，特别是在相对脆弱的干旱和半干旱生态区。为了保护草原的土壤资源，应改变只注重草原的经济功能（获取各种畜产品）的观念，而更应注重发挥草原的生态功能和社会功能，使草原得到修养生息。

According to the Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System(CSCS), the grazing system is classified into eight categories as alpine steppe, desert, semi-desert, subtropical forest shrub, typical steppe, meadow steppe, temperate forest shrub and tropical forest shrub. The succession stages of grazing systems are original nomadism, extensive nomadism, overgrazing and modern grazing. According to long-term productivity dynamic of three grazing systems, China is still in the overgrazing stage, and converting to modern farming system. Average production capacity of grazing system in China is 18.04 APU·ha -1 , and the total production capacity is 6.35 billion APU. The national meat production is 2.959 million t·a -1 . The grazing system was structurally overloaded in China, namely the overall overload. Meanwhile, there are still potential increase in seasonal utilization in some region. At present, the potential to increase grassland productivity potential is about 0.5 to 2 times in China, the key measure is the transform into the modern grazing systems in China.

根据草原综合顺序分类法(Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System,CSCS)划分了高寒,荒漠,半荒漠,亚热带森林灌丛,典型草原,草甸草原,温带森林灌丛,热带森林灌丛8个类型的放牧系统.放牧系统经历了原始游牧,粗放游牧,过度放牧和现代化放牧4个演替阶段,根据3个类型放牧系统生产力长期动态,我国主体仍为过度放牧系统,但开始向现代化放牧系统转变.我国放牧系统生产力平均18.04 APU·hm -2 ,总计63.50亿APU,每年可产肉295.9万t.我国放牧系统存在结构性超载,即整体超载,但是部分区域,部分季节存在放牧利用不足.目前,我国草原增产潜力为0.5~2倍,关键途径是实现草原放牧系统的现代化转型.

Structure and biodiversity of herbages were examined using the both transects and quadrats along topographical gradients on both shade and sunny slopes at the core zone of Three Rivers Sources Nature Protection Area. The relationships among richness index, diversity index and environmental factors (altitude, bare patch, slope, soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil pH, soil total dissolved salt), disturbance intensity (rodent destroying and livestock grazing) were analyzed by factor analysis and partial correlation analysis. The results showed that the Margalef richness index of forbs had significant ( P <0.01) correlation with the Margalef richness index of all species; the Margalef richness index for this two functional groups presented a peak with higher species diversity index in the communities of middle elevation on the sunny side; there was a positive correlation between the Margalef richness index of forbs and all species and altitude gradient on the shade slope. With the increase of altitude, there was not distinct change on Margalef richness index of grasses and sedges. According to the results of Factor Analysis (FA) and Partial Correlation, the First principal component, including soil patch, rodent disturbance and grazing intensity, significantly affected most of the biodiversity index of total species, except Margalef richness index of Cyperaceae, Simpson index of Gramineae and Pielou evenness index of Gramineae. So, the main factors influenced the diversity of all herbages on the sunny slope were soil patch, rodent disturbance and grazing intensity. Soil total carbon and nitrogen had significant effect on the diversity index and evenness index of grassed on the sunny slope. soil pH, total dissolves salt gathered with slope greatly influenced the richness index of sedges on the sunny slope. Altitude, soil total carbon and nitrogen, soil pH all had major effect on species diversity on the shade slope. The conclusions are that the spatial heterogeneity of species diversity resulted from the interaction of geographical environment (altitude, bare patch, slope), soil condition (soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil pH, soil total dissolved salt) and disturbance intensity (rodent destroying and livestock grazing). At the small scale along the altitude gradient, the effect of the environment factor does not have significant effect on species diversity. Soil circumstance was the main Influencing factor for altering species diversity under no-disturbance or slight disturbance. Under heavy disturbance, intensity of disturbance had more significant influence on species richness and diversity than environmental factors. Reducing the heavy disturb such as grazing and rodent destroy was the first choice for preventing the degradation of alpine grassland and loss of herbage diversity in the alpine region.

采用样带与样地结合的方法在三江源自然保护区的核心区沿海拔梯度在阴坡、阳坡分别进行草本植被调查,通过因子分析和偏相关分析研究丰富度指数、多样性指数与环境梯度(包括海拔梯度、裸斑面积、坡度、土壤总碳、总氮含量、土壤pH值、土壤总可溶性盐含量)和干扰强度(鼠类干扰强度、放牧强度)之间的关系。研究结果表明:杂类草丰富度指数( D Ma 杂)与总物种丰富度指数( D Ma 总)极显著相关( P D Ma 杂和 D Ma 总均呈现"中海拔膨胀"现象,阴坡 D Ma 杂和 D Ma 总与海拔梯度呈正相关,莎草科和禾本科的丰富度指数( D Ma 莎和 D Ma 禾)随海拔升高并无明显规律;通过主成分分析,及偏相关分析,第一主成分(裸斑面积、鼠类干扰和放牧强度)与除莎草科Margalef丰富度指数、禾本科Simpson指数和禾本科Pielou均匀度指数外的其它草地多样性指数均显著相关,是影响阳坡草地植物多样性的主要因子,土壤总碳、总氮含量对阳坡禾本科类群的多样性指数和均匀度指数有极显著影响,土壤pH值、TDS含量和坡度对阳坡莎草科类群的丰富度有显著影响;海拔梯度、土壤总碳、总氮以及pH值对阴坡草本植物群落的多样性影响较大。研究结论认为,植物群落生物多样性的空间分异特征是地理环境、土壤环境以及干扰强度等因素综合作用的结果。无干扰或干扰较弱时,物种多样性主要受土壤环境状况所影响;而在强干扰存在条件下,干扰强度对物种丰富度和多样性的影响比环境因子更显著;遏制高寒草甸植物多样性降低应首先控制放牧及鼠类等强干扰活动。

通过对青藏高原东部玛曲高寒嵩草草甸植物群落在３个放牧梯度下的特征比较，分析了该类草甸主要群落特征对放牧强度差异的响应。结果表明，随着放牧强度的增加，草甸群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量都呈现显著降低的趋势；草甸群落中优势种群的莎草科和禾本科物种的优势度逐渐降低，被一些杂草类物种（黄帚橐吾和火绒草）所取代。放牧强度的增加，导致了禾草类和莎草类功能群生物量比例的显著降低，及豆科类、毒草类和杂草类功能群生物量比例的显著增加。中度放牧下的草甸群落表现出了最高的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数，排序为中牧草甸＞重牧草甸＞禁牧草甸。随着放牧干扰强度的增加，高寒草甸群落将经历一个由上层的莎禾草类为主的草甸群落→上层莎禾草类＋中层杂草类共存的草甸群落→中下层杂草类为主的草甸群落的演替过程。

A study on the community structure and productivity, and plant composition and diversity of alpine meadow under different degrees of degradation, including nondegradation, lightdegradation, moderatedegradation, heavydegradation and overdegradation in the upper area of Daitong river. Results indicated that there were more than 60 plant species, which are belong to 24 families and 51 genus, in study ared. The dominant species in was conduced nondegradation and overdegradation grasslands were Kobresia pygmaea and Saussurea pulchra, respectively. The ShannonWiener index and Simpson index in moderatedegradation (P

采用样方法对祁连山区大通河上游不同退化程度高寒草甸植物群落进行调查，分析了该草地群落结构、物种多样性和草地生产力。结果表明，该类草地由24科51属60多种植物组成；随着草地退化程度的加重，草地优势种由高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）向细叶亚菊（Ajania tenuifolia）过渡；中度退化草地的ShannonWiener指数和Simpson指数均最高（P

Biodiversity indices, which have been widely adopted in assessment and research of marine ecosystems, are important parameters in studies of biological communities. We developed a rapid, convenient and reliable method to calculate eight commonly used indices including Shannon diversity index, Simpson diversity index, Berger-Parker diversity index, Margalef diversity index and Pielou evenness index, simultaneously by using array function, condition function and other functions provided in the Microsoft Excel. An Excel file named “Biodixcel.xlsx” was attached in this paper to facilitate the calculation process of the indices. The indices would be generated automatically once the original raw data being properly loaded into the provided programs of the Excel file, “Biodixcel.xlsx”.

生物多样性指数是生物群落研究中的重要参数, 广泛应用于海洋生态系统生物多样性的评价和研究。作者利用微软的电子表格软件Excel 中的数组函数、条件函数及其他函数, 提供了一种快速、简便、可靠的同时计算Shannon、Simpson、Berger-Parker、Margalef 和Pielou 均匀度指数等8 种常用生物多样性指数的方法, 应用开发的Excel 文件——Biodixcel.xlsx, 使用者只需在此文件列出的表格中一次性录入所要计算的原始数据即可在此表格中同时得到上述几个指数的计算结果, 本方法为群落生物多样性的计算提供了一种简单、实用的工具。

Grazing is one of the important ways to rational utilize, foster and improve grassland. Both grazing and grassland plant community diversity influence the incidence and severity of forage diseases. Grazing will affect forage diseases with different grazing intensities, methods and livestock. The diversity of grassland plant community including species richness and host plant density also affect forage diseases by affecting the usage of environmental resources, as well as the spread of pathogenic fungi. Meanwhile, the grazing intensities, livestock behavior, the types of rangeland, the history of grazing and grazing distribution patterns also increase or decrease the diversity of grassland plant communities. The present paper reviewed the effects of grazing on both grass plant community diversity and forage diseases and put forward the suggestions including combination of the research about the effects of grazing on diversity of grassland plant community and forage diseases in future; more deep study on genetic diversity and improvement of grazing management to reduce or control forage diseases. Thus, the goals of unifying grazing, disease management and sustainable use of grassland resources will be achieved.

放牧是合理利用、培育改良草地的重要方式之一。通过不同放牧强度、放牧方式以及家畜采食等提高或降低草地植物病害的发病率和病情指数。草地植被群落多样性包括物种丰富度和寄主植物密度，通过影响寄主植物对周围环境资源的利用以及病原真菌的传播来提高或降低病害的发病率和严重度。同时，不同放牧强度、家畜采食习性、草地生产类型、放牧史以及放牧分布型也分别提高或降低草地植物群落多样性。本文综述放牧对草地植物群落多样性和草地病害的影响，指出在以后的研究工作中把放牧对草地植物群落多样性的影响与草地植物病害的影响结合起来，并在遗传多样性方面加以研究，最终切实可行地通过提升放牧管理达到减轻或防止草地病害发生的目的，实现统一放牧、病害管理以及草地资源可持续利用的目标。

In order to evaluate the influence of grazing on the plant biodiversity of grassland ecosystems, the quadrats with or without grazing in the forest steppe were investigate in Gongliu County, Yili. Six morphological characteristics indices including lifespan, height, growth form, spinescence, stem nature and leaf size were recorded and four biodiversity indices including Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Brillouin and Fager index were calculated. The results showed that the number of species in the grazing plots increased compared with no grazing plots, especially the number of Medium, Erect, None Spinescence, Herbaceous and Woody significantly increased (P

本研究通过对伊犁巩留县东部保护区适度放牧和无放牧的山地草本植物群落样方的调查，对植株生长周期、株高、生长型、是否有刺、茎性质、叶大小6个形态特征植物的数量进行统计，并计算4个多样性指数：Simpson指数，ShannonWiener指数，Brillouin指数和Fager指数，从而得到适度放牧对该山区草地生态系统生物多样性的影响。结果表明，(1) 适度放牧样地内，各种形态性状植物的数量都较无牧样地有所提高，其中中等型、直立、无刺、草本以及木本植物数量显著增多（P=0.048，P=0.017，P=0.019，P=0.016，P=0.045），其余性状植物的数量增加不显著。 (2)适度放牧条件下低海拔植被的丰富度，多度较无牧样地均有所提高，Simpson指数和 Shannonwiener指数均有显著的提高（P=0.028，P=0.003）。综上所述，本研究结果能为西天山国家级自然保护区的建设管理提供一定理论参考。

The experiment was conducted at Inner Mongolia steppe The results showed that the dietary composition of sheep had significant change with grazing seasons from June to September The proportion of grasses was the maximum in July and Leymus chinensis, and Agropypron cristatum were main ingested by sheep before July.Intake of Artemisia frigida was lower in July than in June and September The sheep avoided to graze Potentilla acaulis and Carex duriuscula The order of preferred plant spec...

在围栏封育 4 a的 1 hm2放牧样地内 ,放牧 4只内蒙古细毛羊 ,分别于 6、7和 9月份用显微技术法进行了绵羊食性的研究。结果表明 ,在放牧率较低食物资源比较丰富的条件下 ,绵羊的食性表现为明显的季节性变化。6月份 ,由于禾草在群落中的相对生物量较小 ,故在食物中的比例相应较小 ,为 31 % ;而在 7月份 ,则上升到 4 5% ,部分替代了冷蒿在食物中的比例 ;同时 ,在禾草中 ,羊草、冰草主要在春季或初夏 ( 7月份以前 )被利用 ,随着物候期的后移其利用率有较大幅度的下降 ,逐渐被糙隐子草所替代。禾草和冷蒿是放牧绵羊的主要食物资源 ,但冷蒿在夏季利用率较低。放牧绵羊有较强的食性选择 ,主要牧草的选择性采食顺序大致为 :乳白花黄芪、糙隐子草、扁蓿豆 >羊草、菊叶委陵菜和双齿葱 >冰草和冷蒿 >寸草苔、克代针茅和星毛委陵菜 ,即分为很喜食、喜食、随意采食和厌食 4个等级。不同季节食物替代明显 ,主要与食物的相对生物量、高度和频度显著相关 ;食物多样性指数较草地植物多样性指数高 ,且随放牧季节的向后推移呈下降趋势。