毛乌素沙地1990-2014年景观格局变化及驱动力

引用本文

刘娟, 刘华民, 卓义, 刘东伟, 王立新. 毛乌素沙地1990-2014年景观格局变化及驱动力. 草业科学, 2017,34(2):255-263
Liu Juan, Liu Hua-min, Zhuo Yi, Liu Dong-wei, Wang Li-xin. Dynamics and driving forces of landscape patterns in Mu Us Sandy Land, from 1990 to 2014. Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2): 255-263 复制到剪切板

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《草业科学》编辑部

毛乌素沙地1990-2014年景观格局变化及驱动力

刘娟, 刘华民, 卓义, 刘东伟, 王立新

内蒙古大学生态与环境学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010021

通信作者:王立新(1975-),男,内蒙古宁城人,教授,博士,研究方向为湿地科学与环境生态学。E-mail:[email protected]

第一作者:刘娟(1989-),女,内蒙古达拉特旗人,硕士,研究方向为环境生态学。E-mail:[email protected]

收稿日期: 2016-08-30

基金: 国家自然科学基金项目(31560146、41562020、41571090); 内蒙古教育厅项目(NJYT-15-A02); 内蒙古科技厅项目(20140707)

摘要

土地利用的改变受自然环境和人类活动影响,土地利用变化又会影响景观格局,本研究应用3S技术和景观指数相结合的方法,分析了毛乌素沙地1990、1995、2002、2008、2014年25年来土地利用动态过程与景观格局变化,并选取自然和人类活动等10个因子分析了其变化驱动力。结果显示,25年来固定沙地面积增加7.5%,半固定沙地增加3.8%,流动沙地减少42.95%,农田面积增加4.6%,低湿地和水体面积基本不变,城建用地面积增加。其中,增加的固定沙地主要由半固定沙地和流动沙地转变而来;增加的半固定沙地主要由流动沙地和固定沙地转变而来;减少的流动沙地主要转为固定沙地和半固定沙地。景观结构趋于复杂,类型斑块数增加,平均斑块面积减小,破碎度上升,呈现破碎化态势。各类型斑块数和分离度变化非常显著。研究区土地利用和景观格局变化主要是人为活动中的农牧民人均纯收入、人口、GDP和农林牧总产值因素所致,气候因素贡献不是很大。

关键词: 毛乌素沙地; 景观结构; 景观变化; 斑块; 破碎度; 土地利用; 驱动力

中图分类号:P901 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-0629(2017)2-0255-9 doi: 10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0258

Dynamics and driving forces of landscape patterns in Mu Us Sandy Land, from 1990 to 2014

Liu Juan, Liu Hua-min, Zhuo Yi, Liu Dong-wei, Wang Li-xin

1.School of Ecology and Environmens, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China

Corresponding author: Wang Li-xin E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Land use is affected by climate and human activities, which in turn affects the landscape pattern. In this study, we combined 3S technology and landscape index to investigate the land use and landscape pattern change characteristics of Mu Us Sandy Land, a semi-arid area of China, in 25 years (1990, 1995, 2002, 2008, and 2014), select climate and human activities 10 factors analysing driving force. The results showed that the area of fixed sandy land increased by 7.5%, semi-fixed sandy land increased by 3.8%, shifting sandy area decreased by 47.8%, the rate of farmland increased by 4.6%, surface water and low-wet land were essentially the same, and the urban construction area increased. Fixed sandy land mainly by semi-fixed sandy land and shifting sandy land changed from; increased semi-fixed sandy land mainly by shifting sandy land and fixed sandy land changed from; the reduced shifting sandy land mainly changed into fixed and semi-fixed sandy land. Landscape structure became complex, the total number of patches and landscape fragmentation indices increased, and the change in each type of patch number and isolation indices are very significantly. Climate change and human activities are the two driving forces for the change in land use. Human factors include population, GDP, gross out of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and per capita net income of peasant & herdsman. The contribution of climate to the change in land use is not significant.

Keyword: Mu Us Sandy Land; landscape structure; landscape dynamics; patches; fragmentation index; land use; driving forces

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毛乌素沙地是我国典型的生态脆弱区, 在全球气候变化大背景下近30年来, 随着人口急剧增加以及城镇化进程加快, 在全球气候变化大背景下, 该区成为人类活动与自然环境交互作用强烈的地带^[1]。自20世纪90年代以来, 受国家“ 三北防护林” 、“ 水土保持” 、“ 退耕还林还草” 等重大生态建设工程的实施以及人为活动干扰, 该地区的土地利用和景观格局发生了变化。同时, 由于鄂尔多斯社会经济发展过程中丘间低地开垦、过度放牧、水资源不合理利用导致的水资源短缺严重、植被退化和部分沙丘活化等生态环境问题亦出现在该区域, 且已在该地区的土地利用和景观格局变化上有所反映^{[2, 3]}。

国内外众多学者关注生态脆弱区的退化进程和植被恢复情况^[4], 利用遥感和地理信息系统手段对植被覆盖度^[5]、景观格局进程以及驱动机制进行了大量研究^{[6, 7, 8, 9]}。以往研究大多是毛乌素沙地固定的某一区域, 如陕西榆林市^[10]、内蒙古乌审旗等地^{[11, 12]}, 针对整个毛乌素沙地长序列多时段土地利用和景观格局时空变化研究较少, 对驱动力的分析多集中在气候因素^{[13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]}, 对综合气候因素和人为活动的驱动力分析较少, 而人为活动对该研究区土地利用和景观格局影响颇多^{[21, 22, 23, 24]}。

本研究区面积约占整个毛乌素沙地总面积的80%, 时间尺度依据是国家政策在该区域的实施时间(1990-2014年), 本研究选取1990、1995、2002、2008和2014年, 分5个时段系统分析毛乌素沙地土地利用和景观格局变化的时间和空间特征, 揭示土地利用变化过程, 土地利用变化对景观格局的影响, 探讨驱动因素, 以期为沙地经济社会可持续发展和区域生态恢复与重建提供科学依据。

1 研究区概况及数据来源和方法

1.1 研究区概况

内蒙古境内毛乌素沙地位于37° 27'-39° 22' N, 107° 20'-111° 30' E, 占地面积约2.4万km², 贯穿乌审旗、鄂托克旗、鄂托克前旗和伊金霍洛旗4个旗, 海拔1 200~1 500 m(图1), 具有中温带大陆性季风气候的特点, 属荒漠草原-干草原-森林草原的过渡带, 沙漠化敏感性高, 主要群落植被有沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)、沙柳(Salix psammophila)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)^[2]。毛乌素沙地属于西北典型的生态脆弱区, 是我国沙漠化最严重的地区之一, 也是全国防风固沙极重要生态功能区之一。同时也是影响区域生态环境的关键地区, 防风固沙重要性突出^[5]。

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	图1 研究区位置图Fig.1 The study area location map

1.2 数据和方法

1.2.1 数据来源和处理以1990、1995、2002、2008和2014年Landsat遥感影像为基础数据, 选择天气晴朗、云量低, 能够清晰辨别地物的影像, 共15景。利用GIS对植被敏感的近红外红、绿、蓝波段进行假彩色合成及标准差拉伸, 合成毛乌素沙地遥感影像底图(Landsat_5影像由4、3、2波段合成, Landsat_8影像由5、4、3波段合成)(表1)。基于3S技术对研究区土地利用地面基础信息进行解译, 解译地面信息基础为2008年7月-8月详细的地面样方调查, 确保2008年影像中每一种色彩的斑块与实际土地类型匹配。解译完成后, 对2008年解译结果进行了实测验证, 实测验证108个点, 准确率达到90%, 在此基础上, 结合影像颜色与野外定位调查来判断各景观类型, 对1990、1995、2002和2014年影像进行分析解译。利用ArcGIS for Desktop 10.0对完成的5期毛乌素沙地土地利用类型图进行叠加分析^[4]。

表1 1990、1995、2002、2008和2014年5期遥感数据信息 Table 1 Information of remote sensing images in 1990, 1995, 2002, 2008 and 2014

所用气象数据来自1980-2014年毛乌素沙地近30年来4个气象站台(乌审旗、鄂托克前期、鄂托克旗、伊金霍洛旗), 由内蒙古气象资料中心提供。人口及社会经济相关数据来自统计年鉴。

1.2.2 研究方法据已有的土地利用分类原则和分类系统^[9], 毛乌素研究区可分为三大类(自然景观、半自然景观和人为景), 由8个亚类景观类型构成, 分别是固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地、低湿地、水体、人工林、农田、城建用地。

土地利用类型转移矩阵基于ENVI_5.0软件完成; 景观格局指数计算基于Fragstats_3.4完成^{[20, 21, 22]}; 数据统计处理基于SPSS软件完成主成分分析。

1.2.3 景观格局特征指标本研究中采用下列景观指数分析景观格局特征指标^[9]。各指数的计算方法和生态学意义见表2。

表2 景观指数计算公式 Table 2 The formula of landscape index

指标Metrics	计算公式Formula	涵义Significance
(1)多样性指数 Shannon’ s diversity index	SHDI=- $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ [P_iln(P_i)]	反映区域景观类型复杂程度 Reflecting the complexity of the regional landscape
(2)均匀度 Shannon’ s evenness index	E=H/H_max	反映景观斑块分布的均匀程度 Reflect the uniformity of the distribution of landscape patches
(3)景观优势度 Landscape dominance index	D=H_max+ $\begin{matrix} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} \end{matrix}$ [P_iln(P_i)]	反映区域景观被少数几个主导类型控制的程度 Reflect the extent of the dominated landscape control by a few types
(4)景观形状指数 Landscape shape index	LSI= $\begin{matrix} \frac{0.25 E}{\sqrt{A}} \end{matrix}$	反映景观中斑块形状不规则程度 Reflect the degree of irregular about the patch shape
(5)分离度 Landscape isolation	F_i=D_i/S_i, S_i=A_i/A, D_i= $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} \sqrt{\frac{n}{A_{i}}} \end{matrix}$	反映某一景观类型中不同斑块个体分布离散程度 Reflect the degree of patch fragmentation in a particular landscape type
(6)平均斑块面积 Average patch area	MPS= $\begin{matrix} \frac{A_{i}}{N_{i}} \end{matrix}$ 10²	反映景观平均斑块面积 Reflect the average patch area
(7)破碎化指数 Fragmentation index	FN₂= $\begin{matrix} \frac{MPS (N_{f} - 1)}{N_{c}} \end{matrix}$	反映景观破碎化程度 Reflect the degree of landscape fragmentation

Note:(1) SHDI=H. m is the type number of landscape, P_i is the ratio of the area occupied by landscape type i; (2) H_max is the maximum diversity index, H_max=ln(m); (4) A is the total area of the landscape, E is landscape boundary length; (5) A_i is the patch area of type i, D_i is the distance index of type i, S_i is the area of type i, n represents the number of patches in the landscape type i; (6) N_i is the number of patch in type i; (7) N_f is the total patch numbers of one type, N_c is the total area represented by the number of grids.

注:(1)中SHDI=H。m为景观类型数, P_i是景观类型i所占面积比; (2)中H_max是最大多样性指数, H_max=ln(m); (4)中A为景观总面积, E为景观边界长度; (5)中A_i是各类型的斑块面积, D_i为景观类型i的距离指数, S_i为景观类型i的面积指数, n表示景观类型i中的斑块个数; (6)中N_i是类型i的斑块数; (7)中N_f是景观中某一类型斑块总数, N_c是用栅格个数表示的研究区总面积。

表2 景观指数计算公式 Table 2 The formula of landscape index

2 结果与分析

2.1 毛乌素沙地土地利用动态变化

1990、1995、2002、2008、2014年毛乌素沙地各土地类型空间分布如图2所示。固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地占毛乌素沙地总面积的82.6%, 3种景观面积的变化影响整个沙地景观空间格局。分析其转换去向和来源对深入认识景观格局变化的实质和驱动原因具有一定意义。叠加分析1990、1995、2002、2008、2014年5期毛乌素沙地土地利用数据, 分别统计得1990-1995年、1995-2002年、2002-2008年、2008-2014年4个时段3种主要景观类型面积变化趋势和幅度(图3)。25年间毛乌素固定沙地面积增加了704.92 km², 增加7.5%; 半固定沙地面积增加259.05 km², 增加3.8%; 流动沙地面积减少了1 751.33 km², 减少42.95%。其中, 增加的固定沙地主要由半固定沙地和流动沙地转变而来, 分别占转入面积的比例是58.81%、17.71%, 低湿地占11.67%, 人工林占10.96%, 农田占0.85%。增加的半固定沙地主要由裸沙地和固定沙地转变而来, 分别占转入面积的比例是84.96%、9.75%, 低湿地占5.29%。减少的流动沙地主要转为固定沙地和半固定沙地, 分别占比51.70%和45.31%, 转为低湿地的比例是2.99%。转出和转入主要集中在这3种优势类型间。

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	图2 1990、1995、2002、2008、2014年毛乌素沙地土地利用分布图Fig.2 Distribution maps of land at Mu Us Sandy Land in 1990, 1995, 2002, 2008 and 2014

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	图3 1990-2014年主要景观类型面积变化率Fig.3 Area change rate of main landscape type from 1990 to 2014

2.2 毛乌素沙地景观格局变化

2.2.1 景观多样性变化景观多样性指数大小取决于斑块类型多少(即丰富度)和斑块面积在类型上的分布均匀程度, 是影响景观生态系统的稳定性及其生产性的重要指标^[11], 1990-2014年研究区景观Shannon多样性指数由1.47上升到1.50; 均匀度指数由0.71上升到0.72, 变化幅度不大; 优势度指数由0.61下降到0.58(表3)。对比多样性、均匀度和优势度3项指标, 显示出毛乌素沙地25年间景观结构趋于复杂, 斑块分布均匀度增加, 优势斑块的优势度有所减少。

表3 1990-2014毛乌素沙地年景观多样性变化 Table 3 Variation of landscape diversity from 1990 to 2014 at Mu Us Sandy Land

2.2.2 景观结构分析毛乌素沙地各景观类型从1990-2014年有不同程度的变化(表4、图4)。不同类型景观分离度差异明显。低湿地、水体、人工林、农田、城建用地占整个景观百分比小, 景观分离度大, 水体和城建用地分离度均大于3.0, 分布相对分散。这5种类型的斑块数25年来有增有减, 其中农田斑块数变化明显, 2014年较1990年增加一倍之多。固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地的景观分离度大部分小于0.1, 分布集中。受自然侵蚀地貌限制, 加之人类开发利用, 呈现出破碎复杂形态, 斑块数目变化显著; 其中, 固定沙地和流动沙地表现出显著阶段性差异, 1990-1995年固定沙地面积下降7.8%, 斑块数增多。流动沙地面积上升23.5%, 斑块数骤增。1995-2014年, 固定沙地面积增加, 斑块数逐渐减少; 流动沙地面积减少, 斑块数明显增加。这一时期毛乌素沙地生态建设相继实施^[5], 包括国家退耕还林还草、“ 三北” 防护林工程, 内蒙古防沙治沙、禁牧轮牧、草地围封等植被恢复措施, 沙地植被恢复和综合治理成效明显, 同时人为扰动增加了景观的破碎化程度^[13]。

表4 1990-2014年毛乌素沙地景观类型斑块数与分离度 Table 4 Landscape patch numbers and landscape isolation indices from 1990 to 2014 at Mu Us Sandy Land

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	图4 1990-2014年毛乌素沙地破碎度变化Fig.4 The landscape fragmntation index changes at Mu Us Sandy Land from 1990 to 2014

2.2.3 毛乌素沙地景观破碎化程度 25年间, 毛乌素沙地景观斑块平均面积减小, 斑块数增多, 总体呈现出破碎化趋势。固定沙地斑块数变化较小, 分离度不变。破碎斑块逐渐整体化, 破碎度减小。流动沙地破碎度变化剧烈, 1995年最高, 为0.068, 2002年以后, 斑块数减小, 破碎度下降, 斑块数和流沙面积减小, 破碎化程度得到控制, 流动沙地治理改善明显, 但相比其它类型, 整体破碎程度依然较高。半固定沙地破碎度呈明显上升趋势, 表现为斑块增多, 分离度增大, 整体的连续斑块正逐渐破碎。低湿地破碎化程度增加。人工林变化不明显。农田斑块数增多, 面积增大, 分离度减小, 农田占地集中。由于城建用地所占面积比例小, 位置固定, 变化较小并且破碎度为零, 所以文中不做讨论。研究区25年内人口增加, 经济快速发展, 资源开发等人为干扰, 加之自然因子变化, 构成了自然气候和人类活动综合作用对研究区景观破碎化程度的贡献(表4、图4)。

2.3 毛乌素沙地土地利用和景观格局变化的驱动力

毛乌素沙地所在的鄂托克前旗、鄂托克旗和乌审旗, 主要经济来源是农业、林业和牧业。通过对区域气候因素(年均气温、年均降水量)和人为因素(人口、GDP、耕地面积、放牧强度、农牧民人均纯收入、农业总产值、林业总产值、牧业总产值)10个因子的分析, 25年内研究区气温和降水量总体上升, 气温上升幅度更大。耕地面积1990-2014年的25年内整体呈现上升趋势, 1997年显著增加, 2008年起增加趋势减缓。放牧强度在2005年以前控制在一定水平上, 2005年以后显著增强, 2010年至今趋于平缓。人口总数增长18.6%。GDP从2005年以后明显增加(图5)。

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	图5 1980-2014年毛乌素沙地自然和人为因子变化Fig.5 Changes in climate and hunan activities at Mu Us Sandy Land from 1980 to 2014

主成分分析表明, 第一主成分和第二主成分为人为因素, 其中以人口、GDP、农牧民人均纯收入为重要影响因素, 第三主成分是自然因素, 其中降水量为重要影响因素(表5)。3个主成分对毛乌素沙地土地利用和景观格局变化贡献率分别是57.02%、16.53%、12.25%。

表5 主成分分析结果 Table 5 Principal component analysis results

该结果表明, 短时间序列内毛乌素沙地土地利用和景观格局变化主要是人为社会经济活动所致, 气候因素贡献不大。

3 讨论与结论

毛乌素沙地土地利用和景观格局变化是自然和人为的多重因素综合作用的结果。人为活动干扰, 农牧民人均纯收入、人口、耕地面积、GDP和农林牧总产值对土地利用变化都有不同程度影响, 气候因素也是有一定关系。与自然因素相比, 人为因素对沙地生态环境的干扰往往更加迅速。脆弱生态环境的过渡性和敏感性特点会影响区域景观的稳定性。毛乌素的景观多样性变化受到土地利用和造林绿化政策变动的深刻影响。

研究区固定沙地主要植被类型是沙蒿群落、小叶锦鸡儿群落以及沙蒿、小叶锦鸡儿复合群落, 半固定沙地主要有沙蒿、沙柳群落。已有研究表明, 地表植被覆盖度影响沙地固沙能力, 关于地表植被生长和气候因子的相关关系国内外已有大量研究, 影响地表植被生长的因子主要体现在温度和降水两方面^{[5, 6]}。水分条件是制约植被生长的一个主要因子, 水分收支平衡直接影响植被群落的生态学过程^[10]。温度作为植被生长的一个重要因子, 通过加速或减缓植物的生长周期, 影响植被覆盖度。毛乌素沙地地处我国北方干旱半干旱生态过渡区, 年均降水量少, 分布不均匀。25年内降水呈缓慢下降趋势, 温度呈逐渐上升趋势, 夏季地表蒸发强烈, 水分耗散, 可利用降水少, 春季植被生长时, 气候相对较干旱。另外, 由于鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗所在地理位置, 地势高, 受大风天气影响较大, 加之地表土壤结构松散, 不利于地表植被生长, 裸露的土地容易沙化^{[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}。

人类活动可以改变地表覆被和土壤的物理、化学性状。20世纪末, 由于人类活动的强度不断加大, 不合理地开发利用荒地, 弃耕后的土地没有进行植被修复, 过度放牧和樵采等人为活动加剧土壤结构和覆被的变化。毛乌素沙地气田资源和矿产资源储量大, 在开发利用能源的过程中, 由于铺设输气管道, 大型工程项目建设以及露天煤矿开采, 易对脆弱的沙地环境造成破坏。如果在人为干扰破坏后, 不及时进行有效的植被恢复, 那么沙地治理成效的可持续性将受到挑战。人为因素对沙地的影响不仅表现在人类生产活动对地表覆被的影响, 还表现在不同土地利用和政策的实施方面所产生的影响。进入21世纪, 在国家退耕还林还草、“ 三北” 防护林、水土保持, 内蒙古自治区防沙治沙、禁牧轮牧、草场围封等生态恢复工程的广泛实施下, 毛乌素沙地土地沙化程度逐渐得到控制, 裸露沙地减少, 固沙植被增多, 沙地治理成效明显。

区域合理利用资源, 平衡人口增加与资源需求的矛盾, 是沙地生态系统健康恢复的前提和保障。以农牧业发展为主要经济来源的农牧交错带, 受人口增长压力和生产条件落后的制约。近年来, 毛乌素沙地治理成效明显, 随着植树造林和生态恢复措施的相继实施, 沙地生态环境治理的可持续性有待进一步探讨。

1990-2014年的25年内研究区固定沙地和半固定沙地面积增加, 流动沙地面积显著减小。景观结构趋于复杂, 类型斑块数增加, 平均斑块面积减小, 破碎度上升, 呈现破碎化态势。主成分分析结果显示, 研究区土地利用和景观格局变化主要是人为活动中的农牧民人均纯收入、人口、GDP和农林牧总产值因素所致, 人为活动作用更加迅速, 气候因素贡献不是很大。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2004

0.0

邬建国. 景观生态学中的十大研究论题. 生态学报, 2004, 24(9): 2074-2076.

Wu J

. The key research topics in land scape ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(9): 2074-2076. (in Chinese)

Landscape ecology has made tremendous progress in recent decades,but as a rapidly developing discipline it is faced with new problems and challenges. Based on two recent symposial organized,“Top 10 List for Landscape Ecology in the 21st Century” at the 2001 Annual Symposium of the US Association of lnternational Association of Landscape Ecology and “Key lssues and Research Priorities in Landscape Ecology” at the 2003 lnternational Congress on Landscape Ecololgy. The objective of this paper is to present an ...

近年来 ,景观生态学在理论、方法及应用诸方面均取得了长足发展。但作为一个迅速发展中的学科 ,景观生态学尚面临着许多新的问题和挑战。基于两次相关论题的国际研讨会 ,概述当今景观生态学十大研究论题 ,以促进国内该学科的全面发展。

... 毛乌素沙地是我国典型的生态脆弱区,在全球气候变化大背景下近30年来,随着人口急剧增加以及城镇化进程加快,在全球气候变化大背景下,该区成为人类活动与自然环境交互作用强烈的地带^[1] ...

2010

0.0

吴晓旭, 邹学勇. 基于3S的毛乌素沙地腹地景观格局演变及其驱动力分析: 以内蒙古乌审旗为例. 中国沙漠, 2010, 30(4): 763-769.

Wu X

, Zou X

. Analysis of land scape pattern change and its driving factors based on 3S technology: A case study in Uxin Banner of Inner Mongolia. Journal of Desert Research, 2010, 30(4): 763-769. (in Chinese)

Based on RS, GPS and GIS technology, the landscape pattern change and its driving factors in Uxin Banner of Inner Mongolia are analyzed with TM images in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000 and 2005 as main data source. The results show that the landscape pattern of the study area changed significantly from 1986 to 2005: the residential land area and industrial-mining land area increased obviously; the sandy land area and water area decreased year by year; the cropland area and woodland area didn't change obviously; the grassland area and unused land area increased. At he same time, the landscape diversity and spatial fragmentation increased with the strengthening of patch self-similarity degree; the average patch area of each landscape type increased on the whole; the landscape fractal dimension presented a trend of firstly decreasing, then increasing and lastly decreasing once more. Analysis of driving factors shows that human factors are main causes influencing landscape pattern change in Uxin Banner. Among human factors, population growth, national economic development, industrial and mining development, ecological rehabilitation projects as well as governmental decision-making are key driving factors.

在遥感与GIS技术支持下，以乌审旗1986年、1991年、1996年、2000年和2005年5期TM影像为主要数据源，对乌审旗景观空间格局的动态变化特征及其演变的驱动因素进行了研究。结果显示，乌审旗景观格局从1986年到2005年期间发生了显著变化，居民地、工矿用地明显增加,沙地、水域景观逐年下降，耕地、林地面积变化不大，草地、未利用地增加,景观多样性和空间破碎度增加，斑块的自相似性增强；各类景观斑块的平均面积整体上是增加的，景观分形维数随着时间的推移呈现先下降后上升、又下降的趋势。结合经济社会统计数据分析表明，人为因素是影响乌审旗景观格局演变的主要原因，其中人口增加、国民经济增长、工矿产业发展，以及政府决策和生态治理工程是景观格局演变的主要驱动因子。

... 同时,由于鄂尔多斯社会经济发展过程中丘间低地开垦、过度放牧、水资源不合理利用导致的水资源短缺严重、植被退化和部分沙丘活化等生态环境问题亦出现在该区域,且已在该地区的土地利用和景观格局变化上有所反映^[2,3] ...

... 4万km²,贯穿乌审旗、鄂托克旗、鄂托克前旗和伊金霍洛旗4个旗,海拔1 200~1 500 m(图1),具有中温带大陆性季风气候的特点,属荒漠草原-干草原-森林草原的过渡带,沙漠化敏感性高,主要群落植被有沙蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)、沙柳(Salix psammophila)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)^[2] ...

2013

0.0

2015

0.0

朱绪超, 袁国富, 邵明安, 易小波, 杜涛. 塔里木河下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061.

Zhu X

, Yuan G

, Shao M

, Yi X

, Du

. Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(11): 1053-1061. (in Chinese)

Aims Revealing the spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in hyper-arid regions can improve our understanding on the water relations of riparian vegetation in the desert watershed ecosystem, and also can provide valuable scientific guidance for desertification control and water resources management of watershed of the arid region in northwestern China. This research objective is to show the spatial distribution and structures of typical riparian vegetation in hyper-arid desert watershed from regional and overall perspective. Methods Based on Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images and a large number of field vegetation surveys, the supervised classification method was used to distinguish three main vegetation categories in the lower Tarim River basin: Tamarix thicket, Populus euphratica woodland, and Phragmites australis grassland. The leaf area index ( LAI ) of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands were inverted by using the remote-sensed LAI inversion empirical model that we developed. Important findings Supervised classification supporting abundant information of ground objects by remote sensing was an effective method to determine desert riparian vegetation categories in arid desert regions. The area was 336.4 km 2 for the Populus euphratica woodlands and 405.3 km 2 for the Tamarix thickets, respectively. The Tamarix thickets had a wider distribution range while the Populus euphratica woodlands grew near the river channel. The overall LAI of the riparian vegetation was low. The average LAI value was 0.253 for the Tamarix thickets and 0.252 for the Populus euphratica woodlands. The areas of vegetation with the LAI value of less than 0.5 accounted for 92.4% and 90.1% of the total area of the Tamarix thickets and the Populus euphratica woodlands, respectively. The statistic results showed that large spatial variability of the riparian vegetation LAI existed. The spatial variability of the Populus euphratica woodlands was larger than that of the Tamarix thickets. The LAI values of the riparian vegetation had a significant negative exponential relationship with the distances away from the river channel. The LAI values declined rapidly within the distance of 1 km from the river channel and they were generally lower than 0.1 when the distances beyond 1 km, which indicated that the riparian vegetation was mainly distributed within 1 km from both side of the river. This research indicated three basic characteristics of the spatial pattern in riparian vegetation from hyper-arid desert regions, including overall sparse spatial distribution, high spatial variability and negative exponential relationship between LAI and distance away from the river channel.

揭示我国内陆河流域下游河岸带植被的空间结构特征, 对于了解我国西北干旱区荒漠河岸带植被的空间分布规律、指导荒漠化治理和内陆河水资源管理具有重要意义。该研究基于野外大范围植被调查数据支持下的遥感监督分类方法, 利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感数字图像, 辨识了塔里木河下游柽柳( Tamarix spp.)灌丛、胡杨( Populus euphratica )疏林和芦苇( Phragmites australis )草地3类主要的河岸带植被, 并利用建立的叶面积指数( LAI )遥感反演经验模型反演了研究区柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林的叶面积指数, 旨在从区域尺度和总体趋势上分析荒漠河岸带植被的空间结构和分布特征。结果表明: 在有详细地物资料的基础上, 遥感监督分类可以作为一种干旱区荒漠河岸带植被分类的有效方法; 遥感分类结果显示塔里木河下游胡杨疏林分布面积约336.4 km 2 , 柽柳灌丛约为405.3 km 2 , 胡杨疏林总体更靠近河道, 柽柳灌丛分布范围更广; 河岸带植被 LAI 整体很低, 柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林平均 LAI 值分别为0.253和0.252, LAI 小于0.5的植被对应面积分别占柽柳灌丛和胡杨疏林总面积的92.4%和90.1%, 表明了塔里木河下游荒漠河岸植被空间上稀疏分布的特征; 统计结果显示, 河岸带植被结构存在巨大的空间变异性, 其中胡杨疏林比柽柳灌丛的空间变异性更大; 河岸带植被 LAI 随距河道距离呈现显著负指数分布规律, 在离河道1 km范围内 LAI 随离河道距离快速下降, 而1 km外区域叶面积指数普遍低于0.1, 表明植被主要分布在河道两侧1 km范围内。整体稀疏的空间分布、显著的空间变异性, 以及由 LAI 体现的植被盖度随距河道距离的负指数下降规律是荒漠河岸带植被空间结构的3个基本特征。

... 国内外众多学者关注生态脆弱区的退化进程和植被恢复情况^[4],利用遥感和地理信息系统手段对植被覆盖度^[5]、景观格局进程以及驱动机制进行了大量研究^[6,7,8,9] ...

... 0对完成的5期毛乌素沙地土地利用类型图进行叠加分析^[4] ...

2013

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... 同时也是影响区域生态环境的关键地区,防风固沙重要性突出^[5] ...

... 这一时期毛乌素沙地生态建设相继实施^[5],包括国家退耕还林还草、#cod#x0201c ...

... 已有研究表明,地表植被覆盖度影响沙地固沙能力,关于地表植被生长和气候因子的相关关系国内外已有大量研究,影响地表植被生长的因子主要体现在温度和降水两方面^[5,6] ...

... 另外,由于鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗所在地理位置,地势高,受大风天气影响较大,加之地表土壤结构松散,不利于地表植被生长,裸露的土地容易沙化^{[5,6,7,8,9,10]} ...

2013

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2015

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2011

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2005

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郭丽英, 刘彦随, 任志远. 生态脆弱区土地利用格局变化及其驱动机制分析——以陕西榆林市为例. 资源科学, 2005, 27(2): 128-133.

Guo L

, Liu Y

, Ren Z

. Analysis of the land land scape changes and its driving mechanism in vulnerable ecological area: A case study of Yulin City. Resources Science, 2005, 27(2): 128-133. (in Chinese)

In this study we quantified land landscape change in the vulnerable ecological area of Yulin city between 1985 and 2000 using remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with landscape modeling. It was found that fallow land decreased by 125,147 hm2 while grassland and woodland increased by 107,975 and 17,157 hm2, respectively. The three most prominent changes were from fallow land to grassland at 129,926 hm2, and degradation of grassland from a higher cover density to a lower one at 16,996 hm2 , and from grassland to woodland at 15,651 hm2. The major factors responsible for these changes are identified as the change in the government policy on preserving the environment, continued growth in mining, and urbanization.It is concluded that as arid Yulin city has a highly vulnerable landscape that is sensitive to fluctuations in the natural environment and to changes in government land use policy. The efforts in restoring the deteriorated ecosystem have reaped certain benefits in reducing the spatial extent of sandy land through replacement by non-irrigated farmland, woodland and grassland. On the other hand, continued growth in mining and urbanization has exerted adverse impacts on the land landscape. At present regional economic development is in direct conflict with the protection of the natural environment. Such a conflict has caused the destruction to the land resources and fragmentation of the landscape accompanied by land desertification, even seriously in some localities.

榆林市地处北方毛乌素沙地向陕北黄土丘陵区的过渡地带，是典型的农牧交错生态脆弱区。20世纪80年代中期以来，随着特大型神（木）府（谷）煤田、靖边天然气田的开发建设，区内人口快速增长，工矿业规模日益增大，经济活动对土地环境的压力不断增强。本文将现代遥感和GIS技术与景观生态学的研究方法相结合，以1985、1995和2000年的三期Landsat TM遥感影像为基本信息，通过计算多样性指数、优势度、破碎化指数、分离度等指标，进行土地利用格局变化分析，并借助多元线性回归模型方法，揭示了榆林市土地利用格局变化的主导人文驱动机制。

... 2 研究方法据已有的土地利用分类原则和分类系统^[9],毛乌素研究区可分为三大类(自然景观、半自然景观和人为景),由8个亚类景观类型构成,分别是固定沙地、半固定沙地、流动沙地、低湿地、水体、人工林、农田、城建用地 ...

... 3 景观格局特征指标本研究中采用下列景观指数分析景观格局特征指标^[9] ...

2010

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王立新, 刘华民, 杨劼, 梁存柱, 王炜, 张继恩. 毛乌素沙地气候变化及其对植被覆盖的影响. 自然资源学报, 2010, 25(12): 2030-2039.

Wang L

, Liu H

, Yang

, Liang C

, Wang

, Zhang J

. Climatic change of Mu Us Sand y Land and its influence on vegetation coverage. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(12): 2030-2039. (in Chinese)

Temperature and each component of water resources in Mu Us Sandy Land were analyzed based on the precipitation and temperature data from 1961 to 2007. Combining of TM images and CBERS images, from climate change and community water balance point of view, the change of vegetation cover and its cause in Mu Us Sandy Land for nearly 20 years are analyzed. The results show that: Over the past 50 years, the trend of warming in Sandy Land is significantly changing with the rate of 0.33 ℃/10 a. The regional variation range of mean annual temperature is 0.16-0.50 ℃/10 a. The warming degree in southeast is stronger than that of in northwest. The various components of water resource in spatial and temporal distribution are uneven: P and Δ w are more and E is strong in northwest while which are opposite in southeast. A decreasing trend of P , E and Δ w has emerged which roughly experienced three changing stages. For nearly 20 years the changes of vegetation cover and climate in Mu Us Sandy Land are closely linked. In order to adapt to the climate change the construction of artificial vegetation must take into account the issue of sustainability.

利用1961—2007年毛乌素沙地气温、降水资料,对研究区近50 a来气温和水分资源各分量的时空变化进行了研究,并结合TM影像和中巴资源卫星影像,从气候变化和群落水分收支平衡的角度,对毛乌素沙地近20 a的植被覆盖变化及其原因进行了分析。结果表明:近50 a,沙地增温趋势显著,变化率为0.33 ℃/10 a。全区域年均温变化趋势的范围为0.16~0.5 ℃/10 a,且增温的程度存在西北部最强、东南部最弱的趋势。水分资源各分量时空分布极不均匀:东南部降水量 P 和可利用降水Δ w 多、陆面蒸散 E 强,西北部相反。 P、E 、Δ w 均呈现出逐年减少的趋势,并且大致经历了3个变化阶段。近20 a毛乌素沙地植被覆盖变化与气候变化密切相关。为适应不断变化的气候需要,在进行沙地治理与生态建设中,必须考虑人工植被建设的可持续性问题。

... 以往研究大多是毛乌素沙地固定的某一区域,如陕西榆林市^[10]、内蒙古乌审旗等地^[11,12],针对整个毛乌素沙地长序列多时段土地利用和景观格局时空变化研究较少,对驱动力的分析多集中在气候因素^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]},对综合气候因素和人为活动的驱动力分析较少,而人为活动对该研究区土地利用和景观格局影响颇多^{[21,22,23,24]} ...

... 水分条件是制约植被生长的一个主要因子,水分收支平衡直接影响植被群落的生态学过程^[10] ...

2014

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李秀芬, 刘利民, 齐鑫, 张金鑫, 肇同斌, 王一, 刘雪峰, 周永斌. 晋西北生态脆弱区土地利用动态变化及驱动力. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(10): 2959-2967.

Li X

, Liu L

, Qi

, Zhang J

, Zhao T

, Wang

, Liu X

, Zhou Y

. Land use change dynamics and driving forces of the vulnerable ecological region in north-western Shanxi Province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(10): 2959-2967. (in Chinese)

By using remote sensing and GIS technology, this paper collected land use information of 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 and the relevant statistical data, and analyzed the characteristics of land use change and its driving forces in northwestern Shanxi Province, the typical ecological fragile area. The results showed that there were significant changes in land use patterns in the past 30 years. During 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 periods, the area of farmland decreased continuously, while the areas of grassland and woodland experienced increasedecreaseincrease and decreaseincreasedecrease patterns of change, respectively. The areas of industrial and resident lands increased continuously, but the water body and unused land decreased. The farmland was mainly transformed to grassland and woodland, and the areas of industrial and resident lands increased from the farmland. The lost area of water body was transformed to grassland and farmland. The decrease of unused land was due to the implementation of ecological engineering and urban expanding. In general, the changes of land use types were significantly higher before 2000 than after 2000. The industrial and resident lands, unused land and grassland changed drastically. The relationships between land use types and driving forces indicated that population pressure and economic development led to the changes of industrial land and farmland; policy of forestry ecological engineering drove the changes of woodland and grassland; the droughtcharacterized climate was the major cause inducing the decrease of water area and hindering the restoration of forest.

基于遥感和GIS技术，结合相关统计资料，以典型生态脆弱区晋西北为研究对象，利用获取的1980、1990、2000及2010年4期土地利用信息，对该区1980—2010年的土地利用动态变化特征及驱动因素进行分析.结果表明： 1980—2010年，研究区土地利用结构发生了明显变化，耕地面积持续减少，草地和林地面积分别经历了增-减-增和减-增-减的过程，工矿居民地面积持续增加，水域和未利用地面积持续减少.耕地主要流向草地和林地；工矿居民地的增加主要以耕地面积的减少为代价；减少的水域面积转为草地和耕地；未利用地的持续减少则是由于生态工程实施和城市扩张占用所致.2000年之前，研究区总体土地利用变化程度高于后期；单一土地利用动态度的变化，以工矿居民地、未利用地及林地和草地的变化程度较剧烈.驱动力分析表明，人口增加和经济发展共同驱动了区域耕地和工矿居民地的演变；多个林业生态工程的实施是驱动林草面积变化的主要对策因素；干旱化加剧的气候特征是水域面积持续减少及林地恢复较慢的主要驱动因素.

... 1 景观多样性变化景观多样性指数大小取决于斑块类型多少(即丰富度)和斑块面积在类型上的分布均匀程度,是影响景观生态系统的稳定性及其生产性的重要指标^[11],1990-2014年研究区景观Shannon多样性指数由1 ...

2013

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赵峰, 刘华, 张怀清, 邹文涛. 近30年来三江源典型区湿地变化驱动力分析. 湿地科学与管理, 2013(3): 57-60.

Zhao

, Liu

, Zhang H

, Zou W

. Driving forces for wetland changes in the typical region of the origin of the Three Major Rivers. Wetland Science & Management, 2013(3): 57-60. (in Chinese)

摘　要：基于三江源典型区（索加-曲麻河自然保护区）1977—2007年的遥感影像解译数据和统计资料,采用偏相关分析筛选与湿地变化显著相关的因子,通过主成分分析、灰色关联度分析驱动因子对湿地变化的贡献率大小。结果表明：近30年来湿地变化的驱动因素主要为气候因素,其中以年平均气温、年蒸发量和年平均相对湿度为重要影响因子。通过计算主要影响因子对湿地变化的灰色关联度,认为年平均相对湿度和年蒸发量对河流湿地变化的贡献率最大,年平均温度与湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地和河滩地动态变化的关联程度最高。

2011

0.0

赵艳霞, 刘欣, 秦彦杰, 徐全洪. 河北省农牧交错区 LUCC及其对生态脆弱性的影响. 水土保持研究, 2011, 18(5): 205-211.

Zhao Y

, Liu

, Qin Y

, Xu Q

. LUCC and its impact on vulnerability of agro-pastoral areas in Hebei Province. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(5): 205-211. (in Chinese)

研究河北农牧交错区LUCC规律及其对生态脆弱性的影响,为研究区土地利用调控及生态环境恢复提供数据支持。从河北省农牧交错区选择典型样点作为研究单元,基于1987年,2000年和2007年的遥感影像,借助GIS技术手段和Fragstats软件,研究样点区LUCC及其对生态脆弱性的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区土地利用程度综合指数在2000年最高,1987-2000年为土地利用程度加重阶段,2000-2007年为减弱阶段。(2)1987-2000年斑块结构朝均一化方向发展,自2000年开始,SHDI和SHEI开始呈上升趋势。(3)1987-2000年LUCC导致了区域脆弱性程度加重,2000-2007年的LUCC大大减轻了区域生态环境脆弱性。土地利用/覆被变化直接影响区域的生态脆弱性,通过科学土地调控政策可以改变区域生态脆弱性。

... 防护林工程,内蒙古防沙治沙、禁牧轮牧、草地围封等植被恢复措施,沙地植被恢复和综合治理成效明显,同时人为扰动增加了景观的破碎化程度^[13] ...

2004

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丁立仲, 卢剑波, 徐高福, 邬建国. 千岛湖生态保护与建设对景观格局的影响研究. 生物多样性, 2004, 12(5): 473-480.

Ding L

, Lu J

, Xu G

, Wu J

. Effects of ecological protection and development on land scape pattern in the Thousand -Island Lake region, Zhejiang Province. Biodiversity Science, 2004, 12(5): 473-480. (in Chinese)

Actions of ecological protection and development shape the pattern of a landscape, which in turn affects ecological processes in the landscape. Changes of the fragmented Thousand-Island Lake landscape, formed by the construction of a large dam in 1959, provide an outstanding example. We analyzed the changes in land use and land cover pattern in this region for a period of 39 years (1964-2003) using landscape metrics and 3S technology. Our results showed that the total number of patches and the degree of fragmentation basically remained the same, whereas the patch number, patch area, and dominance of each patch type changed significantly. The most dominant patch type changed from treeless barrens (47.44% of the terrestrial land) in 1964 to the Pinus massoniana forest (52.81% of the terrestrial land) in 2003. We also found that the value of landscape diversity decreased slightly. It is important to note that landscape diversity, a synoptic measure of the richness and evenness of all land use and land cover types, is not always positively related to landscape functioning. The slight decrease in landscape diversity was a result of the dynamics of all existing patches in the study region. Our results suggest that the forest vegetation on the area has improved in terms of coverage since 1964 (i.e., 5 years after the dam construction). These changes may be attributed to the many measures of ecological protection in this region which allowed natural succession to take its course. The improved landscape pattern enhanced ecological functioning of the island ecosystems, including restoration of habitats, increased biodiversity, and reduction in soil erosion. While the forest vegetation has been recovering, the increasing dominance by the structurally simple Pinus massoniana forest in this region should be considered in future efforts of biodiversity conservation, ecological planning, and sustainable development.

生态保护和生态建设过程对景观格局产生影响并使之发生变化，这种变化又会影响景观的生态过程。应用3S技术和景观指数分析了39年（1964-2003年）内千岛湖库区土地利用和土地覆盖格局的变化。结果显示，斑块总数和景观破碎度基本保持不变，但是各斑块类型的斑块数量、面积和优势度变化非常显著。最优势斑块类型由荒山（占陆地面积的47.44%）演变为马尾松( Pinus massoniana )林（占陆地面积的52.81%），研究区域内森林植被覆盖率增加。研究还发现景观多样性指数略微下降。景观多样性是对土地利用和覆盖类型丰富度和均匀度的概要度量，并不一定总是和景观功能呈正相关关系。上述变化归因于多项生态保护措施的实施使得自然演替得以实现。景观格局的优化使生态系统的生态功能得到提高，包括生境恢复、生物多样性增加、水土流失减少。森林植被恢复以后，马尾松林斑块的单一化趋势应在今后的生物多样性保护、生态规划和可持续发展中得到重视。

2006

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宗良纲, 刘存丽, 董雅文. 南京市景观空间格局演变及驱动力分析. 南京农业大学学报, 2006, 29(3): 49-53.

Zong L

, Liu C

, Dong Y

. Analysis of land scape spatialevolvement and its driving forces in Nanjing. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(3): 49-53. (in Chinese)

在遥感与地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下,以南京市域1988年、1995年、2000年和2003年4期TM影像为主要数据源,研究了南京市域景观空间格局的动态变化特征及其演变规律.结果表明:南京市景观格局从1988年到2003年期间发生了较大的变化,旱地明显减少,城镇、农村居民地、工矿等用地面积显著增加;景观多样性和空间破碎度增加,斑块的自相似性增强.分析认为,人口总数、城市化水平和第一产业增加值在地区生产总值中所占的比重是南京市景观多样性演变的主要人为驱动因素.

2013

0.0

龚文峰, 孙海, 刘春河, 于海成, 赵敏. 基于RS和GIS额尔古纳国家自然保护区景观多样性定量分析. 水土保持研究, 2013, 20(4): 213-217.

Gong W

, Sun

, Liu C

, Yu H

, Zhao

. Quantitative analysis on the land scape diversity in Argun National Nature Reserve Based on RS and GIS. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013, 20(4): 213-217. (in Chinese)

以SPOT 4遥感影像和林相图为主要数据源,RS和GIS软件为数据分析平台,借助景观生态学的理论和方法,对额尔古纳国家级自然保护区景观多样性及其空间特征进行定量分析。结果表明:保护区呈现以针阔混交林、针叶林和阔叶林为主体的交错景观格局,其它景观类型呈补丁状镶嵌之中;处于演替前期的森林类型(山杨和白桦林等)的斑块形状构图复杂,破碎化程度较高,景观异质性高,处于演替后期的森林类型(落叶松林等)则刚好相反;景观多样性指数为1.259 3,景观总体的异质性较低,景观生态结构呈现出不合理性和简单化。研究成果可为该自然保护区生物多样性保护、建设管理和景观规划等提供理论依据和科学基础。

2011

0.0

胡乔利, 齐永青, 胡引翠, 张玉翠, 吴成本, 张广录, 沈彦俊. 京津冀地区土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化及驱动力分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(5): 1182-1189.

Hu Q

, Qi Y

, Hu Y

, Zhang Y

, Wu C

, Zhang G

, Shen Y

. Changes and driving forces of land use/cover and land scape patterns in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(5): 1182-1189. (in Chinese)

Conversion matrix of land use/cover, landscape fragmentation index ( LFI ) and landscape diversification index ( LDI ) were used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze changes in land use/cover (LUC) and landscape pattern (LP) for 1990~2000 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region and their driving forces. Two typical sample belts were used in the study. The results showed that changes in LUC and LP were significant especially in the residential areas of Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang cities. The application of component and correlation analyses on socio-economic statistical data showed that LUC and LP changes in the region were mainly driven by socio-economic, agro-production and transportation factors. Terrain and policy effects on the changes in LUC and LP were also analyzed and discussed. Complex terrains hindered human disturbances in the west/north mountain areas. Compared with mountainous areas therefore, the plains had more profound changes in LUC and LP in the study area. On the other hand, ecological policies such as conversion of croplands into forests and grasslands along with land development and consolidation constituted critical modes of LUC and LP changes in mountainous regions. Comprehensive analysis on the driving forces of LUC and LP changes in the region showed that socio-economic factors were more important in the metropolises and that agro-production conditions dominated in traditional agricultural areas. The analysis and especially that of temp-spatial analysis provided a useful dimension to land resources management and protection in the BTH study area.

本文利用土地利用转移矩阵和景观破碎化指数、景观多样化指数采用典型样带对京津冀地区1990年、2000 年土地利用数据进行了土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)和景观格局变化(LPC)的定量及定性分析, 探讨了其影响因素, 为该区域土地资源可持续利用提供依据。结果发现区域内居民地附近LUCC 和LPC 强度最大, 尤其北京、石家庄等地变化明显。利用多年社会经济统计数据, 通过相关分析和主成分分析, 定量地确定社会经济、农业生产条件和交通是京津冀地区LUCC 和LPC 的主要驱动因子。而后，定性分析了地形复杂度和政策对京津冀地区LUCC 和LPC 的影响, 发现西部及北部山区地形较复杂, 人类活动干扰较小, 故LUCC 和LPC在平原地区表现更突出。但生态政策如退耕还林还草和土地开发整理等对西部山区LUCC 和LPC 有不同程度的影响。最后, 综合分析各驱动力在不同地区影响的差异, 发现社会经济发达的大城市的驱动因素主要为社会经济, 而传统农业区主要受农业生产条件的影响。通过以上定量及定性分析京津冀地区LUCC 和LPC 的驱动因子, 尤其是对驱动因素的时空分异规律分析, 为土地管理决策、土地资源保护等提供了科学的依据和指导。

2015

0.0

王玮, 冯琦胜, 郭铌, 沙莎, 胡蝶, 王丽娟, 李耀辉. 基于长时间序列NDVI资料的我国西北干旱区植被覆盖动态监测. 草业科学, 2015, 32(12): 1969-1979.

Wang

, Feng Q

, Guo

, Sha

, Hu

, Wang L

, Li Y

. Dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage based on long time-seriesNDVI data sets in northwest arid region of China. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(12): 1969-1979. (in Chinese)

Vegetation is an important indicator of terrestrial ecosystem, and is a sensitive indicator for climate change. Although MODIS NDVI has higher accuracy, the length of time-series is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to expand and improve the time-series AVHRR NDVI data sets. According to the linear regression models between MODIS NDVI and AVHRR NDVI for each month, we produced a long time-series NDVI data sets (1981-2013). Using the NDVI as an indicator of vegetation activity, this study analyzed vegetation dynamic changes in northwest arid region of China for recent 33 years. The results showed that: 1) MODIS NDVI and LTDR NDVI have linear correlations with a high determination coefficient (>0.8). 2) In recent 33 years, vegetation activity has been enhancing in whole study area, in which area of the sparse vegetation has been increasing continuously, and area of grassland vegetation has not been changed greatly. 3) The climate of this area has been becoming warmer and wetter than before. There are significant correlation among NDVI data, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Vegetation activity is sensitive for climate change, topography and human activities.

植被是表征陆地生态系统的重要指标,气候变化对植被具有显著影响。虽然MODIS NDVI具有较高的精度,但时间序列长度有限,在年代际尺度的变化趋势研究中,仍然需要对AVHRR NDVI数据集进行时间序列的扩展和完善。本研究通过建立MODIS NDVI与AVHRR NDVI逐月线性回归模型,生成了长时间序列(1981-2013年)NDVI数据集;并以NDVI作为植被活动的指标,分析研究了近33年来西北干旱区的植被动态变化。结果表明:1)MODIS NDVI与LTDR NDVI数据具有较好的线性相关性,两者之间线性回归模型的决定系数均在0.7以上;2)近33年以来,西北干旱区的植被活动均呈现出增强的态势,其中稀疏植被区的植被活动在持续增强,植被整体状况在好转,而草地区的植被活动较为稳定,并未出现较大的变化;3)西北干旱区的气候呈现出暖湿化的特点,植被活动对气候变化较为敏感,NDVI与年平均温度和年降水量之间呈显著相关关系( P <0.05)。

2015

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2006

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2013

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赵锐锋, 姜朋辉, 赵海莉, 樊洁平. 黑河中游湿地景观破碎化过程及其驱动力分析. 生态学报, 2013, 33(14): 4436-4449.

Zhao R

, Jiang P

, Zhao H

, Fan J

. Fragmentation process of wetland s land scape in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and its driving forces analysis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(14): 4436-4449. (in Chinese)

Heihe River is one of the most important inland rivers in the northwest arid district of our country. Wetlands that distributed along the middle Heihe River Basin has a great significance to the eco-environment safety of northwestern regions in our country. It plays a key role in preventing the Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert to be a whole. However, it had been destructed by human activities and climate change deeply in recent years. So the research of the wetlands in Heihe River is urgently needed. Based on satellite images of 1975, 1987, 1992, 2001 and 2010, the paper chose some typical landscape index models, such as patch density, landscape internal habitat area index, mean patch size, FS and so on, to analyze the wetland landscape fragmentation process and its drivers of the middle Heihe River Basin between 1975 and 2010, combining with grey relational analysis, principal component analysis and other analytical methods. The results indicated that fragmentation process of wetland landscape in the middle reaches of the Heihe River mainly expressed as the shrinkage of internal habitat area and mean patch size, the increase of fragmentation index and the enlargement of FS in the past 35 years. In the entire period of study, the mean patch size of the wetlands in middle Heihe River Basin decreased 48.95 hm 2 corresponding to the patch density raised 0.006 Ind/hm 2 . In terms of patch shape fragmentation index, it mainly expressed as the increasing of mean patch shape fragmentation index and area-weighted mean shape fragmentation index. Especially the values of the mean patch shape fragmentation index and area-weighted mean shape fragmentation index increased from 0.524, 0.269 to 0.556 and 0.276 between 1992 and 2010. So it can draw a conclusion that wetland landscape fragmentation has been the main manifestations of wetland degradation in the study area throughout the study period. The dominant driving force which led to the middle reach of the Heihe River wetland landscape fragmentation and development is human factors. Natural factors on the process of wetland landscape fragmentation have a certain influence. Yet the contribution of human activities on the wetland landscape fragmentation was significantly higher than the natural factors in a smaller time scale. The increased capacities as well as the expanding influence sphere of human activities act as the main cause of the middle reach of the Heihe River wetland landscape fragmentation. In addition, natural factors also have some influence on the process of wetland landscape fragmentation. Furthermore, the impact of natural factors on the process of wetland landscape fragmentation is mainly reflected in the temperature and precipitation. Comparing with precipitation, in the natural context of arid environments just like the study area, the temperature plays a significantly greater actor in the process of wetland landscape fragmentation.

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2010年长时间序列遥感影像,选取斑块密度指数( PD )、景观内部生境面积指数( IA )、斑块平均面积指数( MPS )、斑块形状破碎化指数( FS 1 、FS 2 )等具有典型生态意义的景观指数模型,系统分析了黑河中游湿地景观的破碎化过程,并结合灰色关联分析、主成分分析等方法,探讨了影响研究区湿地景观破碎化过程的各驱动因子。结果表明:近35年来,研究区湿地景观破碎化主要表现为斑块平均面积的萎缩,斑块密度的上升以及斑块形状破碎化指数的增大。整个研究时段内,研究区湿地斑块平均面积减少了48.95hm 2 ,斑块密度的上升0.006个/hm 2 ;导致黑河中游湿地景观破碎化发生和发展的驱动力包含自然和人文两个方面。自然因子对湿地景观破碎化进程的影响则主要体现在气温和降水上,而且气温对湿地景观破碎化进程的影响程度明显大于降水。但在1975-2010年间的这一较小时间尺度上,人类活动对湿地景观破碎化的贡献率明显高于自然因子,人类活动能力的增强以及影响范围的不断扩大是引发黑河中游湿地景观破碎化的主因。

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2013

0.0

周淑琴, 荆耀栋, 张青峰, 吴发启. 毛乌素沙地南缘植被景观格局演变与空间分布特征. 生态学报, 2013, 33(12): 3774-3782.

Zhou S

, Jing Y

, Zhang Q

, Wu F

. Vegetation land scape pattern change and characteristics of spatial distribution in south edge of Mu Us Sand y Land . Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(12): 3774-3782. (in Chinese)

The south edge of Mu Us sandy land belongs to the Erdos Plateau and the Loess Plateau transition zone. At the same time the area is the typical farming-pastoral region and the ecological environment is extremely fragile. Vegetation as the primary producers of ecological system not only provides the system required organic substances and biological chemical energy,but also can improve and adjust the environment in the ecological systems. Vegetation change is the most intuitive performance of desertification development or reversal. It also is the sensitive index of the climate and human factors impacting on the ecological environment. Vegetation pattern information of Dingbian County can be served as vegetation protection,restoration and reconstruction. Remote-sensing data includes the TM or ETM+ images of 1991,1999 and 2007 in this study. Vegetation coverage information extracted from 1991 to 207 by using RS and GIS is divided into two areas according to different landform. Landscape indexes of two zones calculated are used to analysis vegetation pattern changes. The results show the following conclusions. (1)The turning point of vegetation coverage is 1991 in two zones during sixteen years. Vegetation coverage conditions continue to worsen in the first stage while both improve in the second stage. The lower and low level accounted for the absolute superiority. Meanwhile, both levels in two zones is increasing from 1991 to 1999. It has risen from 55% to 70% in sandy areas and from 70% to 80% in hilly region. The high level ratio below 5% is continuing to decline. In two zones dominance level are changed to low and moderate level in 2007. They are 55% in sandy area, 70% in hilly region. The high level has risen with different degree. (2)After 1999 the vegetation landscape pattern changes reversed. Landscape pattern change trend is the same but the degree is different. Landscape diversity and landscape evenness firstly decreases and then increases. Types of alternating distribution firstly wake and then enhances. The landscape fragmentation index of sandy areas firstly increases and then decreases, while continuously rising in hilly region. On the whole sandy areas landscape fragment degree is small and diversity is high. Vegetation alternating distribution is obvious and evenness index is high. The characteristic of landscape pattern is on the contrary in hilly region. The interference from outside is strong in sandy area,but weak in hilly region. (3)Vegetation pattern is the multi-core model during evolvement process. Meanwhile, the core size, shape and type change in different degrees. Sandy area core mostly is non-vegetation patches while hilly area high vegetation coverage level patches. Vegetation around the core distribution shows a gradient.

以1991、1999和2007年TM/ETM+影像为数据源,利用RS和GIS技术提取研究区植被覆盖度信息,将其按地貌分区,计算景观格局指数,分析植被景观格局变化特征。结果表明:(1)1999年是研究区16a植被景观结构变化的转折点,植被覆盖状况前期恶化后期好转。1991-1999年两区极低和低级植被覆盖度占绝对优势,继续增强,风沙区55%-70%,丘陵区70%-80%。高等级比例均在5%以下,持续下滑。2007年两区的优势级别提升为低级和中级,风沙区比例55%,丘陵区70%。极低级别比例减小,风沙区40%-20%,丘陵区50%-15%。高级比例不同程度增大。(2)1999年前后植被景观格局反向演变,两区变化趋势基本相同程度不同。植被多样性和均匀度先减小后增大,等级间交替分布规律先弱后强。风沙区景观形状由复杂到简单,破碎度先增后减;丘陵区破碎度持续增大,形状变化微小。整体上来看,风沙区植被多样性高整体性好,植被均匀度指数大,交替分布规律明显,丘陵区植被格局较差。但外界对风沙区的干扰比丘陵区强烈。(3)植被景观格局演变过程中始终保持多核心模式,核心面积、形状甚至类型发生不同程度的变化。风沙区核心多为无植被斑块,丘陵区多为高植被覆盖度斑块。核心外围植被分布具有梯度性。

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2014

0.0

黄永诚, 孙建国, 颜长珍. 毛乌素沙地植被覆盖变化的遥感分析. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2014, 37(4): 58-61.

Huang Y

, Sun J

, Yan C

. Remote sensing analysis of vegetation cover change of Mu Us Sand y Land . Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2014, 37(4): 58-61. (in Chinese)

为了防止毛乌素沙地沙漠化、改善生态环境质量,近10年国家在该区域实施了一系列生态环境建设工程。这些工程的主要目标就是恢复退化植被,提高植被覆盖率。本研究基于2000年、2005年、2010年三期的Landsat数据,利用eCognition软件中面向对象分类技术和地理信息系统的叠加分析功能,分析了2000~2010年间毛乌素沙地植被覆盖变化情况。同时,通过MODIS-NDVI数据计算分析了植被覆盖度的变化趋势。研究得出:1)该区域草地大幅度增加,尤其是2005年到2010年之间,增加更加明显;林地基本稳定;旱地由于退耕还林等政策有所减少;2)近10年来毛乌素沙地植被覆盖度呈逐步增加趋势,西北部和东南部增加尤为明显。产生上述变化的自然因素和人为因素的贡献率需要进一步研究。

2016

0.0

薛超玉, 焦峰, 张海东, 汝海丽. 黄土丘陵区弃耕地恢复过程中土壤与植物恢复特征. 草业科学, 2016, 33(3): 368-376.

Xue C

, Jiao

, Zhang H

, Ru H

. The characteristics of plant species and soil quality in the restoration process of the Loess Hilly Region. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(3): 368-376. (in Chinese)

Using the methods of comparative analysis and substituting temporal serial with spatial serial, the changing characteristics of plant communities biomass and soil nutrient in the process of plant restoration were studied based on the survey data of abandoned lands in the Loess Hilly Region with the five different ecological restoration periods (0-5,6-10,11-15,16-20,and 21-25 years). The results showed that the main dominant species in the Loess Hilly Region with these five plant restoration periods were Leymus scalinus , Artemisia scoparia , Lespedeza davurica , Stipa bungeana and Bothriochloa ischaemun , respectively. Generally, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Margalef index increased firstly and then decreased which suggested that the ecological system in the Loess Hilly Region can gradually improved by both natural and artificial restoration modes. With the increase of restoration period, the aboveground biomass, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen content decreased firstly and then increased, however, the total phosphorus content changed in opposite way. The soil nutrient contents in different layer decreased with soil depth (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) increased. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen reached the peak in area with the 21-25 years restoration period and total phosphorus content reached the peak in area with the 16-20 years restoration period which indicated that the content of soil nutrient in the Loess Hilly Region can be gradually improved with low speed.

采用对比分析以及空间代替时间的方法,根据黄土丘陵区5个恢复年限(0-5,6-10,11-15,16-20和21-25年)弃耕地的调查数据,研究其在植被恢复过程中随着弃耕年限的增加植物群落生物量及其土壤养分的变化特征.结果表明,在5个恢复阶段内黄土丘陵区主要的优势物种依次为赖草( Leymus scalinus ),猪毛蒿( Artemisia scoparia ),达乌里胡枝子( Lespedeza davurica ),长芒草( Stipa bungeana ),白羊草( Bothriochloa ischaemun ).期间,Simpson多样性指数(D),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H),Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw),Margalef丰富度指数(Dma)总体上均呈先增大后减小的趋势,其植被覆盖度呈逐渐增加的趋势,这表明黄土丘陵区的植被生物量在自然和人工恢复方式下可以逐渐增加.随着植被恢复年限的增加,黄土丘陵区地上生物量总体上呈现先减少后增加的趋势.土壤养分含量随土层深度(0-20,20-40,40-60 cm)的增加而下降,随植被恢复年限的增加土壤有机质,全N和速效K含量呈先减少后增大的趋势,土壤全P含量呈先增大后减小的趋势.植被恢复过程中,21-25年的土壤有机质和全N含量达到峰值,16-20年的土壤全P含量达到峰值,这表明在植被恢复过程中黄土丘陵区土壤养分含量能够得到一定改善,但改善速度缓慢.