Effect of grazing on greenhouse gases in grassland ecosystems
Song Ya-ni, Huhe, Cheng Yun-xiang, Hou Fu-jiang, Chang Sheng-hua
1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
2.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Save Water Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
Grazing affects grassland greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by changing the physical and chemical properties of soil, such as the soil water content, porosity, and microbe and organic matter contents. Respiration of plant roots, soil microbial activities, and various physical, chemical, and biological functions in grassland ecosystems are the main sources of GHGs. Based on the mechanism and function of GHG emissions in grassland ecosystems, this paper reviews the GHG emissions in grassland ecosystems from grazing management, grazing intensity, and grazing animals. The effects of grazing on GHGs in grassland ecosystems, the focus and direction of research prospects, and a summary of the measures taken in different ecosystems to reduce GHGs are discussed in this paper.
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陆日东. 奶牛粪便温室气体排放及影响因子研究. , 2007. Lu RD. Emissions of greenhouse gases from dairy manure and influencing factors. Master Thesis. , 2007. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
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张卫建, 许泉, 王绪奎, 卞新民. 气温上升对草地土壤微生物群落结构的影响. , 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. Zhang WJ, XuQ, Wang XK, Bian XM. Impacts of experimental atmospheric warming on soil microbial community structure in a tallgrass prairie. , 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. (in Chinese)
在20世纪内,全球气温已经上升了0.6℃,并预计到本世纪末仍将上升1.4~5.8℃.全球气候变暖对生态系统的潜在影响,生态系统对气温上升的反馈已成为国际生态学界的研究热点,而且所研究的系统也已经从过去简化的模拟系统到复杂的真实生态系统.但是,现有对真实生态系统的研究大部分集中在地上植物群落和土壤气体交换等领域,对在土壤有机碳分解和保护中起决定作用的土壤微生物研究较少.为此,在美国大平原地区进行人工提高气温(上升1.8℃),来研究土壤微生物对气温上升的反应.结果表明:增温对土壤微生物的总生物量没有显著效应, 但可以提高微生物的C∶N比.另外,磷脂肪酸分析发现,气温上升显著降低土壤微生物量中的细菌比重,提高真菌的份额,从而显著提高了群落中真菌与细菌的比值.而且,通过对土壤微生物底物利用方式和磷脂肪酸特征的主成份分析,发现增温导致了土壤微生物群落结构的转变.可见,气温上升可能是通过提高土壤微生物中真菌的优势,而导致群落结构的变化 .该变化将可以提高微生物对土壤有机碳的利用效率,并利于土壤有机碳的保护. Abstract: Global surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8℃ by the end of this century. However, the impacts of this projected warming on soil carbon balance and budget of terrestri alecosystems are not clear. One major source of the uncertainty stems from warm ing effects on soil microbes, which exert dominant influence on soil organic car bon decomposition and storage in terrestrial ecosystems. We have therefore conducted an experiment in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem in the US Great Plains to study soil microbial responses to artificial warming of about 1.8℃. Our data showed that warming did not induce significant differences in soil microbial biomas ssize, but increased microbial biomass C∶Nratio. Also, warming caused an increase in bacterial contribution and a decrease in fungal contribution to the total microbial PLFAs, consequently inducing an increase in the ratio of fungi to bacteria within the whole soil microbial community. Moreover, principle component analysis of substrate utilization patterns and the profiles of phospholipid fatt yacids showed that warming caused a shift in soil microbial community structure . Together, our results indicate that this shift in microbial community structure induced by experimental warming may be attributed to the increase in soil fungal dominance and the decrease in bacterial dominance. The observed shift in soil microbial community structure may increase microbial carbon use efficiency and benefit organic carbon protection in the soil.
严迎燕. 短程同步硝化反硝化过程的N2O释放特性及其微生物群落特征研究. , 2014. Yan YY. Study on the N2O emission characteristics and microbial community succession during the shortcut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Master Thesis. , 2014. (in Chinese)
牛书丽, 万师强, 马克平. 陆地生态系统及生物多样性对气候变化的适应与减缓. , 2009, 24(4): 421-427. Niu S L. Wan S Q, Ma KP. Acclimation and mitigation of terrestrial ecosystem and biodiversity to climate change. , 2009, 24(4): 421-427. (in Chinese)
王长庭, 龙瑞军, 丁路明. 草地生态系统中物种多样性、群落稳定性和生态系统功能的关系. , 2005, 22(6): 1-7. Wang CT, Long RJ, Ding LM. Species diversity, community stability and ecosystem function-extension of the continuous views. , 2005, 22(6): 1-7. (in Chinese)
张亮, 韩静艳, 王道涵. 草地生态系统土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应研究进展. , 2017, 36(2): 201-207. ZhangL, Han JY, Wang DH. Review on responses of soil respiration to stock grazing in grassland ecosystems. , 2017, 36(2): 201-207. (in Chinese)
崔伟, 赵凌平, 赵芙蓉. 封育和放牧对黄土高原典型草原芽库的影响. , 2017, 34(1): 9-15. CuiW, Zhao LP, Zhao FR. Effects of fencing and grazing management on bud bank in a semiarid steppe on the Loess Plateau. , 2017, 34(1): 9-15. (in Chinese)
高超. 东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸草原土壤有机质特性及其对草地生产力的影响. , 2007. GaoC. Study on the characteristics of soil organic matter of alpine meadow under different degradation degrees in eastern Qilian Mountains and its effect on productivity. Master Thesis. , 2007. (in Chinese)
张亮, 沈潮, 邓杰. 放牧干扰对草地土壤理化性质的影响. , 2016(12): 1-4. ZhangL, ShenC, DengJ. Effects of grazing disturbance on soil physical and chemical properties in grassland . , 2016(12): 1-4. (in Chinese)
李凤霞, 李晓东, 周秉荣, 祁栋林, 王力, 傅华. 放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响. , 2015, 32(1): 11-18. Li FX, Li XD, Zhou BR, Qi DL, WangL, FuH. Effects of grazing intensity on biomass and soil physical and chemical characteristics in alpine meadow in Tthree the source Rivers Source. , 2015, 32(1): 11-18. (in Chinese)
Human activity has adversely affected global carbon(C) and nitrogen(N), and contributed to an alteration of climate that will generate discernible feedbacks to all organisms and ecosystems on earth. The purpose of this study was to provide the basis of degrading mechanisms in alpine meadow research and understanding global C reserves and quantifying the pools and changing of soil carbon under grazing intensity. The combined methods of field survey and experiment analysis were applied to detect the influence of biomass and soil carbon characteristics under different grazing intensity: enclosure (EN), light grazing (LG), moderate grazing (MG), heavy grazing(HG) and control (CK)on an alpine meadow. The experiment plots were located in the Yushu Longbao alpine meadow. The results showed that aboveground biomass and underground biomass of grassland were maximum in EN treatment. With the grazing intensity increasing, the aboveground biomass and underground biomass decreased. The soil moisture in EN and LG treatments were significantly higher( P <0.05) than the other treatments which influenced by grazing disturbance. In the soil profile, the soil moisture decreased with soil depth increase in all treatments. Trampling of grazed not only influenced soil moisture but also impacted soil bulk density, the soil bulk density increased with the grazing intensity increasing. The soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen were also influenced by grazing, the total nitrogen decreased in the following order: LG>EN>MG>CK>HG whereas the SOC decreased in the following order LG>EN>MG>HG>CK. Optium trampling of grazing increased soil bulk density, however, but the effects on meadow vegetation and soil structure of high grazing intensity were not benefical for sustainable development of grassland ecosystem.
为了揭示高寒草甸生态系统在放牧扰动下的植被和土壤特征变化,通过野外样地调查和室内分析法研究和探讨围栏封育(EN)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)、对照区(CK)几种不同放牧强度对草地生物量和土壤碳特征的影响,为高寒草甸的退化研究提供依据。结果表明,封育区地上生物量和地下生物量最高,随着放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量和地下生物量均呈减少趋势;放牧干扰对高寒草甸土壤湿度也产生影响,其中封育区和轻牧区土壤湿度显著高于其他处理( P <0.05);在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加土壤湿度呈明显降低趋势;放牧的践踏作用不仅影响土壤湿度,而且随着放牧强度的增加土壤容重增加;土壤全氮和土壤有机碳也对放牧有一定的响应,土壤全氮表现为LG>EN>MG>CK>HG,土壤有机碳从高到底为LG>EN>MG>HG>CK。草地受到放牧干扰时,适度的践踏干扰将提高草地生产力和碳固存,但是高强度的放牧对草地植被和土壤结构的干扰作用不利于草地生态系统的可持续发展。
管雄明. 放牧对内蒙古典型草原土壤甲烷通量变化及相关微生物的影响. , 2016. Guan XM. Effect of grazing on methane flux and related microbes in Inner Mongolia grassland soils. Master Thesis. , 2016. (in Chinese)
梁茂伟, 梁存柱, 白雪, 苗百岭, 王英舜, 包桂荣, 王譞. 一年生植物功能群对放牧草原生物量和土壤呼吸的影响. , 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. Liang MW, Liang CZ, BaiX, Miao BL, Wang YS, Bao GR, WangX. Effects of annual plant functional group on biomass and soil respiration in agrazing community of a typical steppe grassland . , 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. (in Chinese)
蒲宁宁, 孙宗玖, 范燕敏, 杨合龙. 放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳及微生物碳的影响. , 2013, 36(1): 66-70. Pu NN, Sun ZJ, Fan YM, Yang HL. Influence of grazing intensity on the soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of meadow steppe in Zhaosu area. , 2013, 36(1): 66-70. (in Chinese)
高英志, 韩兴国, 汪诗平. 放牧对草原土壤的影响. , 2004, 24(4): 790-797. Gao YZ, Han XG, Wang SP. The effects of grazing on grassland soils. , 2004, 24(4): 790-797. (in Chinese)
The effects of grazing on physical properties (bulk density, water infiltration), chemical properties (soil organic matter, nitrogen) and soil microbes of grassland soils were reviewed based on published literature. The effects of grazing on soil properties were inconsistent, because of the complexity of the soil system, time lag after disturbance and resilience of soil system to perturbation. In general, because of the impact of animal trampling, there are changes in soil pore size distribution as well as ...
马秀枝. 开垦和放牧对内蒙古草原土壤碳库和温室气体通量的影响. , 2006. Ma XZ. Effects of cultivation and grazing on soil carbon pool and greenhouse gases fluxes in the Inner Mongolia steppes. , 2006. (in Chinese)
齐玉春, 董云社, 杨小红, 耿元波, 刘立新, 李明峰. 放牧对温带典型草原含碳温室气体CO2、CH4通量特征的影响. , 2005, 27(2): 103-109. Qi YC, Dong YS, Yang XH, Geng YB, Liu LX, Li MF. Effects of grazing on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. , 2005, 27(2): 103-109. (in Chinese)
Using the static chamber method, the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane of soil were measured through the continuous experiment in situ from July 2001 to July 2003 in Leymus Chinense and Stipa grandis fence-enclosed non-grazing grasslands and their corresponding grazing pastures in Xinlin river basin of Inner Mongolia in China. According to the results of field experiment, the fluxes characteristics and seasonal variation patterns of two non-grazing grasslands and their grazing grasslands were compared. The results indicated that: 1) Comparing with the native fence-enclosed communities, the grazing didn’t changed the direction of sources and sinks and the seasonal variation patterns of the carbon dioxide and methane fluxes; 2) The average emission fluxes of carbon dioxide at different statistical period from 2001 to 2003 in Leymus Chinense fence-enclosed grassland were 9.6 percent to 67.7 percent higher than that of Leymus Chinense rotational grazing grassland and 22.7 percent to 59.4 percent higher in Stipa grandis fence-enclosed grassland than that in the Stipa grandis free-grazing grassland. While in non-growing season, the differences between fence-enclosed grasslands and corresponding rotational or free grazing grasslands weren’t significant; 3) The annual CH4 uptake fluxes of grazing grasslands were lower than those in corresponding fence-enclosed grasslands, the grazing decreased the soil sink intensity of CH4. But the difference of annual or growing-season average CH4 fluxes between fence-enclosed and grazing grasslands didn’t reached the significant level of 0.05. The drought has narrowed the difference between them; 4) The grazing promoted the CH4 uptake intensity of soil in growing season, while also promoted the emission fluxes of CH4 in certain period of non-growing season especially during the period of freezing-thawing, the grazing enlarged the annual variation range of CH4 fluxes
李玉娥, 秦晓波, 李文福, 林而达, 高清竹, 万运帆, 石峰. 夏季休牧对高寒矮嵩草草甸温室气体排放的影响. , 2007, 23(4): 206-211. Li YE, Qin XB, Li WF, Lin ED, Gao QZ, Wan YF, ShiF. Impacts of no grazing in summer on greenhouse gas emissions from Kobresia humilis alpine meadow. , 2007, 23(4): 206-211. (in Chinese)
Using close chamber-GC method, the impacts of no grazing in summer on greenhouse gas emissions from Kobresia humilis alpine meadow, soil properties, and biomass were measured in 2004. The results indicated that vegetation coverage was increased by 41%, biomass increased by 53% per hectare and soil properties changed significantly after eight years in no grazing grassland when compared to grazing grassland. CO 2 respiration from vegetation and soil of no grazing grassland was 20.7% lower than that from grazing grassland. The average emission rates were 30.7 kg·(hm 2 ·d) -1 for no grazing grassland and 38.7 kg·(hm 2 ·d) -1 for grazing grassland. Both Kobresia humilis alpine meadow with grazing and no grazing activities showed to be a sink of atmospheric CH 4 and the uptake rate of CH 4 was enhanced after the prohibition of grazing. The average uptake rates of CH 4 for no grazing grassland were 28.1 gCH 4 ·hm -2 ·d -1 and 21.9 gCH 4 ·hm -2 ·d -1 for grazing grassland. N 2 O emission was lower from no grazing grassland than that from grazing grassland. The average emission rates of N 2 O were 4.5 gN 2 O-N·hm -2 ·d -1 and 7.6 gN 2 O-N·hm -2 ·d -1 for no grazing grassland and grazing grassland, respectively. No grazing in summer weakened the contribution of grassland to the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere compared to grazing grassland.
王思跃, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁. 薛敏. 放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响. , 2002, 22(6): 490-494. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. Research of grazing effects on greenhouse gas emission in Inner Mongolia grassland s. , 2002, 22(6): 490-494. (in Chinese)
王跃思, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁, 薛敏. 半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究. , 2003, 20(1): 295-310. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. An investigation on the relationship between emission/uptake of greenhouse gases and environmental factors in semiarid grassland . , 2003, 20(1): 295-310. (in Chinese)
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贺桂香, 李凯辉, 宋韦, 公延明, 刘学军, 胡玉昆, 田长彦. 新疆天山高寒草原不同放牧管理下的CO2, CH4和N2O通量特征. , 2014, 34(3): 674-681. He GX, Li KH, SongW, Gong YM, Liu XJ, Hu YK, Tian CY. The fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. , 2014, 34(3): 674-681. (in Chinese)
With growing concerns on impacts of human activities and global warming on Alpine grasslands, comprehensive understanding of the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases becomes increasingly more important. The understanding is closely related to the progress on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are the three most important greenhouse gases, which are considered to account for 80% contribution to global warming potential. The alpine grassland of Xinjiang is a typical temperate arid region of grasslands. The study was conducted at the Bayinbuluk Grassland Eco-system Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences(83°43'E,42°54'N). Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is located in the southern Tianshan mountains. Xinjiang Uygur AutonoMous Region, central Asia and covers a total area of approximately 2.3×10 4 km 2 . Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is the typical temperate arid alpine grassland, which is the second largest grassland of China after Inner Mongolia Grassland. As we all know, the grassland ecosystem has degenerated seriously and grazing prohibition is a frequently-used solution to prevent grass grassland degradation. While, it is still unknown that grazing prohibition impacts greenhouse gases fluxes in some degree. The study of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide of long-term grazing-prohibition grass(1984), short-term grazing-prohibition grass(2005) and free grazing grass in Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is meaningful, which will deepen our understanding of greenhouse gases fluxes in the alpine grassland ecosystem, help us assess global warming, parameterize Earth System models and get more comprehensive grasp of the impact of grazing prohibition on the grassland ecosystem.Using opaque, static, manual stainless steel chambers and gas chromatography, the fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide of long-term grazing-prohibition grass, short-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass were measured through the continuous experiment in situ from May 2010 to October 2011(no sampling in January and February 2011 because of the very low temperatures, about -40℃). Four times per month during the growing season(from May to October) and twice per month during non-growing (from November to next year April) season at all sites. According to the results of field experiment, the alpine grassland of Xinjiang is the sources of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide; it is the sinks of methane. In the growing season, CO 2 average fluxes of short-term grazing-prohibition, long-term grazing-prohibition and free grazing are (89.8±49.3),(52.8±28.7), (57.0±30.7)mg · m -2 · h -1 ; CH 4 fluxes averaged out to (-66.3±21.3), (-104.5±32.8), (-103.0±39.0) μg · m -2 · h -1 ; CH 4 fluxes averaged out to (21.2±11.8), (13.6±6.9), (13.2±6.2) μg · m -2 · h -1 . Our results indicated that: (1) Nitrous oxide fluxes showed a significant correlation with carbon dioxide fluxes in three kinds of grasslands. (2) In the growing season, the difference of greenhouse gases fluxes between long-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass were not significant, while short-term grazing-prohibition grass has higher fluxes of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide and lower fluxes of methane. (3) In growing season, the fluxes of methane of short-term grazing-prohibition grass showed significant difference with long-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass. But the difference of growing-season average carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes did not reach the significance level of 0.05. (4) In non-growing season, no significant differences between the fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide were found in long-term grazing-prohibition grassland, short-term grazing-prohibition grassland and free grazing grassland.
以中国科学院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站为依托,于2010年5月-2011年10月利用静态箱-气相色谱法对短期禁牧(2005年围封)、长期禁牧(1984年围封)和自由放牧(冬季放牧)3种草地的CO 2 、CH 4 、N 2 O气体通量进行了野外连续试验研究。结果表明:新疆天山高寒草原对CO 2 ,CH 4 和N 2 O通量表现出明显的季节排放特点。在植物的生长季(5-10月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧和自由放牧草原的CO 2 通量平均值分别为:(89.8±49.3)、(52.8±28.7)、(57.0±30.7)mg · m -2 · h -1 ,CH 4 通量平均值分别为:(-66.3±21.3)、(-104.5±32.8)、(-103.0±39.0)μg · m -2 · h -1 ,N 2 O通量平均值分别为:(21.2±11.8)、(13.6±6.9)、(13.2±6.2)μg · m -2 · h -1 ;短期禁牧草原与长期禁牧和自由放牧草原CH 4 平均通量具有显著性差异( P 2 和N 2 O差异不显著( P > 0.05)。在植物的非生长季(11月-翌年4月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧以及自由放牧草原的3种温室气体的通量较低且差异均不显著。
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陈先江, 王彦荣, 侯扶江. 草地生态系统温室气体排放机理及影响因素. , 2011, 28(5): 722-728. Chen XJ, Wang YR, Hou FJ. Mechanisms and controlling factors of grassland ecosystem greenhouse gas emissions. , 2011, 28(5): 722-728. (in Chinese)
周培. 不同放牧强度对内蒙古草原温室气体通量影响. , 2011. ZhouP. Effects of the different grazing intensity on greenhouse gas fluxes of Inner Monoglia grassland . Master Thesis. , 2011. (in Chinese)
万运帆, 李玉娥, 高清竹, 段敏杰, 旦久罗布, 白玛玉珍, 韦兰亭. 夏季放牧强度对藏北草原温室气体排放的影响. , 2010, 27(11): 1-6. Wan YF, Li YE, Gao QZ, Duan MJ, Danjiuluobu, Baimayuzhen, Wei L T. Effect of summer grazing intensity on GHG emission in the north Tibet steppe. , 2010, 27(11): 1-6. (in Chinese)
张成霞, 南志标. 放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展. , 2010, 19(4): 204-211. Zhang CX, Nan ZB. Research progress on effects of grazing on physical and chemical characteristics of grassland soil. , 2010, 19(4): 204-211. (in Chinese)
王跃思, 薛敏, 黄耀, 刘广仁, 王明星, 纪宝明. 内蒙古天然与放牧草原温室气体排放研究. , 2003, 14(3): 372-376. Wang YS, XueM, HuangY, Liu GR, Wang MX, Ji MB. Greenhouse gases emission or uptake in Inner Mongolia natural and free-grazing grassland s. , 2003, 14(3): 372-376. (in Chinese)
林巧燕, 布仁巴音, 汪诗平. 反刍家畜及其排泄物对N2O和CH4排放的贡献. , 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. Lin QY, Burenbayin, Wang S P. Contributions of ruminants and their excreta to N2O and CH4 emissions. , 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. (in Chinese)
To clarify the contributions of ruminants and their excreta to greenhouse gases emission and the main affecting factors is of social, economic,and ecological significances for understanding the global climate change and searching for related mitigation options. Based on the related researches, it was considered that to improve the dietary quality and nutritional balance of ruminants ( e.g ., to add additives medium-chain fatty acid and others into diets and to increase the proportions of leguminous grasses in grassland) could be the effective measures in enhancing ruminant productivity while decreasing CH 4 emission. The contributions of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate produced by the ruminants and their excreta should be also paid attention to. As the decrease of a kind of greenhouse gas emission could result in the increase of another kind of greenhouse gas emission during the storage and utilization of ruminants’ excreta, the total emission of the greenhouse gases should be regulated by integrative measures, according to the warming potential of the gases calculated as CO 2 -C. Therefore, how to improve the feeding and nutrition of ruminants through adjusting grazing management regime and plant community structure in grassland would be the scientific issue to be solved in the future to realize the balance between the ecological conservation of grassland and the reduction of greenhouse gase emissions per unit ruminant production.
1The Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China;2Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;3Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
程胜利, 肖玉萍, 杨保平. 反刍动物甲烷排放现状及调控技术研究进展. , 2013, 33(5): 56-59. Cheng SL, Xiao YP, Yang BP. Research progress in methane emission from ruminant and control techniques. , 2013, 33(5): 56-59. (in Chinese)
郭小伟, 杜岩功, 林丽. 青藏高原北缘3种高寒草地的CH4、CO2和N2O通量特征的初步研究. , 2016, 33(1): 27-37. Guo XW, Du YG, LinL. CH4, CO2 and N2O flux among three types of alpine meadow in the north regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. , 2016, 33(1): 27-37. (in Chinese)
Greenhouse gas flux from alpine grassland has been one of hotspots to study the relationship between climate change and alpine grassland. Most of these studies focused on gas flux of one type grassland and differences in gasflux among different alpine meadows receives little attention. A experimentwas conducted in three types of grassland, ie. alpine meadow, artificial pasture and shrub meadow to investigate the Greenhouse gas fluxes in three types of grassland by using static chambers and gas chromatography. This study indicated that three types of alpine grassland were the sink of atmospheric CH 4 , and were the source of atmospheric CO 2 and N 2 O. CH 4 flux rates were -21.4, -28.1 and -41.1 μg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. CO 2 flux rates were 360.6, 447.9 and 475.1 mg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. N 2 O flux rates were 34.2, 51.6 and 50.6 μg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O flux in growing season accounted for 42.4%~45.6%, 64.1%~67.8% and 37.9%~66.7% of the whole year, respectively. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth negatively correlated with CH 4 flux rate ( P 2 and N 2 O flux rate ( P 2 and CH 4 flux rate, negatively correlated with N 2 O flux rate. Q 10 revealed that CO 2 flux rate was more sensitive to increase in temperaturethan CH 4 and N 2 O flux rate. The three grasslands for controllinggreenhouse effect were in the following order: GG>FCP>FC. The CO 2 flux rate was much higher than CH 4 and N 2 O flux rate, then contributing an important role togreenhouse effect of grassland.
1.Key laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
丁丹. 牛羊混合放牧对内蒙古荒漠草原温室气体通量的影响. , 2015. DingD. Effects of cattle and sheep mixed-grazing on GHG fluxes during the growing season in Inner Monoglia desert steppe. Master Thesis. , 2015. (in Chinese)
赵亮, 陈懂懂, 徐世晓, 赵新全, 李奇. 传统放牧模式下青藏高原高寒牧区藏系绵羊温室气体排放研究. , 2016, 37(8): 36-44. ZhaoL, Chen DD, Xu SX, Zhao XQ, LiQ. Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emission from tibetan sheep under traditional grazing management on the alpine grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. , 2016, 37(8): 36-44. (in Chinese)
朱玲玲, 戎郁萍, 王伟光, 马磊. 放牧对草地生态系统CO2净气体交换影响研究概述. , 2013, 21(1): 3-10. Zhu LL, Rong YP, Wang WG, MaL. Effects of grazing on the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in grassland ecosystems(Research Review). , 2013, 21(1): 3-10. (in Chinese)
刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 韩建国, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬. 放牧家畜排泄物N转化研究进展. , 2004, 24(4): 775-783. Liu ZK, Wang SP, Han JG, Chen ZZ, Wang YF. Nitrogen turnover from grazing livestock excreta: A review. , 2004, 24: 775-783. (in Chinese)
王成杰, 汪诗平, 周禾. 放牧家畜甲烷气体排放量测定方法研究进展. , 2006, 15(1): 113-116. Wang CJ, Wang SP, ZhouH. Review on advancements in measurement methods of methane emissions from grazing animals. , 2006, 15(1): 113-116. (in Chinese)
葛世栋, 徐田伟, 李冰, 曹慧, 赵亮, 徐世晓. 高寒草甸粪斑的温室气体排放. , 2014, 31(1): 39-47. Ge SD, Xu TW, LiB, CaoH, ZhaoL, Xu SX. Effects of yak dung on greenhouse gas emission during growing season in the alpine meadow. , 2014, 31(1): 39-47. (in Chinese)
In order to understand the impacts of yak dung on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the growing season, nitrous oxide(N 2 O), methane(CH 4 ), and carbon oxide(CO 2 ) fluxes in Kobresia-dominanted meadow were measured by the static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method. The results showed that the application of dung had distinct stimulating effects for N 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 fluxes, which occurred during the 1-50 days after application although the peak value presented at different time. The global warming potential induced by GHG emissions after dung application increased by 39.2%. The global warming potential and the cumulative flux of N 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 during three months research period after dung application was 2 102, 0.095, 0.412 and 2 064 g·m -2 , respectively. Emission-time pattern of greenhouse gas should be paid more attention to assess global change to animals’ excrements as yak dung patches were strong GHG source.
刘德江. 家畜粪便厌氧消化特性与应用研究. , 2004. Liu DJ. Study on property and applicantion of anaerobic digestion on for livetock dung. Master Thesis. , 2004. (in Chinese)
葛世栋. 粪斑覆盖对高寒草地温室气体排放的影响. , 2013. Ge SD. Effects of fecal coverage on greenhouse gas emission in alpine grassland . , 2013. (in Chinese)
为了解生长季牦牛粪斑覆盖对高寒草地生态系统温室气体排放的影响,探讨其温室气体来源,并分析草地与粪斑间的刺激作用,于2012年6月25日-2012年9月24日基于添加牛粪处理定位实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对高寒草地生态系统N2O、CH4和CO2通量进行测定。主要结论如下:020202 1)粪斑的覆盖可对其高寒草地生态系统(高寒草甸生态系统、高寒灌丛生态系统和高寒沼泽生态系统)的N2O、CH4和CO2排放具有刺激效应,总体上呈现出单峰式变化过程,但CO2排放的波动幅度较大、排放周期较长,且三种温室气体在不同时间、不同的植被类型上出现峰值的时间不同。020202 2)粪斑覆盖后,高寒草甸、高寒灌丛和高寒沼泽三个月内的全球变暖潜势分别为2102 g CO2当量·m-2、1645 g CO2当量·m-2和1611 g CO2当量·m-2,较对照分别增加了39.2%、57.6%和55.5%。在轻度、中度和重度三种放牧梯度下,粪斑覆盖后的青藏高原高寒草地温室气体总排放量较没有粪斑覆盖相同面积的青藏高原高寒草地总温室气体释放量(换算为CO2当量)增加了1.1%、1.7%和2.5%。020202 3)粪斑覆盖后的高寒草地生态系统是重要的温室气体来源,在估测粪斑覆盖后青藏高原高寒草地在气候变化中的作用中,70天基本上可作为温室气体排放的估测时间段,且对于温室气体排放的时段问题,我们应加以足够的重视。020202 4)粪斑的覆盖,可以在很大程度上激发高寒草甸土壤N2O的释放,但基本上不改变CH4的吸收和CO2的排放。粪斑是温室气体的重要来源,粪斑覆盖的CH4增加量全部来自于粪斑,其平均排放通量为0.23±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1;粪斑的N2O和CO2排放分别占总排放量9.9%和30.8%。粪斑覆盖后的高寒草地生态系统N2O、CH4和CO2排放量均受环境因子的限制,适度的温度和湿度有利于温室气体的产生。
姜圆圆. 放牧绵羊排泄物养分降解及其对温室气体排放的贡献. , 2012. Jiang YY. The study on nutrient degradation and contribution to greenhouse gas emission of grazing sheep excreta. Master Thesis. , 2012. (in Chinese)