Effect of grazing on greenhouse gases in grassland ecosystems
Song Ya-ni, Huhe, Cheng Yun-xiang, Hou Fu-jiang, Chang Sheng-hua
1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
2.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Save Water Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
Grazing affects grassland greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by changing the physical and chemical properties of soil, such as the soil water content, porosity, and microbe and organic matter contents. Respiration of plant roots, soil microbial activities, and various physical, chemical, and biological functions in grassland ecosystems are the main sources of GHGs. Based on the mechanism and function of GHG emissions in grassland ecosystems, this paper reviews the GHG emissions in grassland ecosystems from grazing management, grazing intensity, and grazing animals. The effects of grazing on GHGs in grassland ecosystems, the focus and direction of research prospects, and a summary of the measures taken in different ecosystems to reduce GHGs are discussed in this paper.
张卫建, 许泉, 王绪奎, 卞新民. 气温上升对草地土壤微生物群落结构的影响. 生态学报, 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. Zhang WJ, XuQ, Wang XK, Bian XM. Impacts of experimental atmospheric warming on soil microbial community structure in a tallgrass prairie. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[2]
Laan S VD, Neubert R EM, Meijer H AJ. A single gas chromatograph for accurate atmospheric mixing ratio measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques & Discussions, 2009, 2(2): 549-559. [本文引用:1]
[3]
Jones SK, Helfter MC, Anderson MC, CampbellC. The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland . Biogeosciences Discussions, 2017, 14: 1-55. [本文引用:1]
[4]
王璐, 蒋跃林. 农田土壤温室气体排放研究进展. 中国农业与技术, 2012, 13(8): 1738-1743. WangL, Jiang YL. Advances in greenhouse gases emission in farmland soils. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2012, 13(8): 1738-1743. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[5]
Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policy Makers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007: 710-719. [本文引用:1]
[6]
Benson RG, Scanlon TJ, Czerepuszko PA. Thermography camera tuned to detect absorption of infrared radiation in a selected spectral band width. US: US8653461, 2014. [本文引用:1]
Mosier AR, PendallP, Morgan JA. Soil-atmosphere exchange of CH4, CO2, NOx, and N2O in the colorado shortgrass steppe following five years of elevated CO2 and N fertilization. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2003, 3(3): 2691-2706. [本文引用:1]
[9]
严迎燕. 短程同步硝化反硝化过程的N2O释放特性及其微生物群落特征研究. 广州: 华南理工大学硕士学位论文, 2014. Yan YY. Study on the N2O emission characteristics and microbial community succession during the shortcut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Master Thesis. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2014. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[10]
王明星, 张仁健, 郑循华. 温室气体的源与汇. 气候与环境研究, 2000, 5(1): 75-79. Wang MX, Zhang RJ, Zheng XH. Sources and sinks of green house gases. Climatic & Environmental Research, 2000, 5(1): 75-79. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[11]
JiaB, ZhouG, WangF, WangY, WengE. Effects of grazing on soil respiration of Leymus chinensis, Steppe. Climatic Change, 2014, 82(1/2): 211-223. [本文引用:1]
[12]
Novak SM, Fiorelli JL. Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems: A critical review of mitigation options. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2010, 30(2): 215-236. [本文引用:1]
[13]
Soussana JF, AllardV, PilegaardK, AmbusbP. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas(CO2, N2O, CH4)budget of nine European grassland sites. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 121(1/2): 121-134. [本文引用:1]
[14]
马钢. 高寒草甸生态系统CO2和N2O排放对土壤干湿交替的响应. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文, 2014. MaG. Responses of CO2 and N2O emissions to alternating wetting and drying in alpine meadow eco-system. Master Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
王长庭, 龙瑞军, 丁路明. 草地生态系统中物种多样性、群落稳定性和生态系统功能的关系. 草业科学, 2005, 22(6): 1-7. Wang CT, Long RJ, Ding LM. Species diversity, community stability and ecosystem function-extension of the continuous views. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(6): 1-7. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[17]
SuR, ChengJ, ChenD, BaiY, JinH. Effects of grazing on spatiotemporal variations in community structure and ecosystem function on the grassland s of Inner Mongolia, China. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 40. [本文引用:1]
[18]
张亮, 韩静艳, 王道涵. 草地生态系统土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应研究进展. 生态科学, 2017, 36(2): 201-207. ZhangL, Han JY, Wang DH. Review on responses of soil respiration to stock grazing in grassland ecosystems. Ecological Science, 2017, 36(2): 201-207. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[19]
崔伟, 赵凌平, 赵芙蓉. 封育和放牧对黄土高原典型草原芽库的影响. 草业科学, 2017, 34(1): 9-15. CuiW, Zhao LP, Zhao FR. Effects of fencing and grazing management on bud bank in a semiarid steppe on the Loess Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2017, 34(1): 9-15. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[20]
宝音贺希格. 放牧对草地生态系统的影响. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2013, 34(z1): 71-74. Baoyinhexige. Effect of grazing on grassland ecosystem. Animal Husband ry & Feed Science, 2013, 34(z1): 71-74. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[21]
LiY, LiZ, LiZ, GengX, DengX. Numerical simulation of the effects of grassland degradation on the surface climate in overgrazing area of northwest China. Advances in Meteorology, 2013(4): 183-186. [本文引用:1]
[22]
高超. 东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸草原土壤有机质特性及其对草地生产力的影响. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学硕士毕业论文, 2007. GaoC. Study on the characteristics of soil organic matter of alpine meadow under different degradation degrees in eastern Qilian Mountains and its effect on productivity. Master Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[23]
Allen DE, Pringle MJ, Page KL, Dalal RC. A review of sampling designs for the measurement of soil organic carbon in Australian grazing land s. Rangeland Journal, 2010, 32(2): 227-246. [本文引用:1]
[24]
Kuijper D PJ, Bakker JP. Top-down control of small herbivores on salt-marsh vegetation along a productivity gradient. Ecology, 2005, 86(4): 914-923. [本文引用:1]
[25]
Zhou ZC, Gan ZT, Shangguan ZP. Effects of grazing on soil physical properties and soil erodibility in semiarid grassland of the northern Loess Plateau(China). Catena, 2010, 82(2): 87-91. [本文引用:1]
[26]
Pang XY, Bao WK, WuN. The effects of clear-felling subalpine coniferous forests on soil physical and chemical properties in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Soil Use & Management, 2011, 27(2): 213-220. [本文引用:1]
[27]
张亮, 沈潮, 邓杰. 放牧干扰对草地土壤理化性质的影响. 防护林科技, 2016(12): 1-4. ZhangL, ShenC, DengJ. Effects of grazing disturbance on soil physical and chemical properties in grassland . Protection Forest Science and Technology, 2016(12): 1-4. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[28]
IshizukaS, TsurutaH, MurdiyarsoD. An intensive field study on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from soils at four land -use types in Sumatra, Indonesia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2002, 16(3): 11-22. [本文引用:1]
[29]
SolomonS. Climate change 2007 the physical science basis: Work group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007: 710-719. [本文引用:1]
[30]
李凤霞, 李晓东, 周秉荣, 祁栋林, 王力, 傅华. 放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(1): 11-18. Li FX, Li XD, Zhou BR, Qi DL, WangL, FuH. Effects of grazing intensity on biomass and soil physical and chemical characteristics in alpine meadow in Tthree the source Rivers Source. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(1): 11-18. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[31]
管雄明. 放牧对内蒙古典型草原土壤甲烷通量变化及相关微生物的影响. 杭州: 浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2016. Guan XM. Effect of grazing on methane flux and related microbes in Inner Mongolia grassland soils. Master Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[32]
卫智军, 乌日图, 达布希拉图, 苏吉安, 杨尚明. 荒漠草原不同放牧制度对土壤理化性质的影响. 中国草地学报, 2005, 27(5): 6-10. Wei ZJ, Wuritu, Dabuxilatu, Su J A, Yang S M. The influence of different grazing systems on soil physical and chemical properties in desert steppe. Grassland of China, 2005, 27(5): 6-10. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[33]
梁茂伟, 梁存柱, 白雪, 苗百岭, 王英舜, 包桂荣, 王譞. 一年生植物功能群对放牧草原生物量和土壤呼吸的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. Liang MW, Liang CZ, BaiX, Miao BL, Wang YS, Bao GR, WangX. Effects of annual plant functional group on biomass and soil respiration in agrazing community of a typical steppe grassland . Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[34]
Sillen W MA, Dieleman W IJ. Effects of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on plant and soil carbon pools of managed grassland s: A meta-analysis. Biogeosciences, 2012, 9(6): 2247-2258. [本文引用:1]
[35]
蒲宁宁, 孙宗玖, 范燕敏, 杨合龙. 放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳及微生物碳的影响. 新疆农业大学学报, 2013, 36(1): 66-70. Pu NN, Sun ZJ, Fan YM, Yang HL. Influence of grazing intensity on the soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of meadow steppe in Zhaosu area. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2013, 36(1): 66-70. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[36]
李华伟. 放牧条件下内蒙古白绒山羊甲烷排放量的测定. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文, 2008. Li HW. Measurement of methane emission from grazing Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats. Master Thesis. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2008. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
ZhangF, Diao QY. Research progress on greenhouse gas emissions of animal husband ry and emission reduction measures. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2015, 36(11): 81-85. [本文引用:1]
齐玉春, 董云社, 杨小红, 耿元波, 刘立新, 李明峰. 放牧对温带典型草原含碳温室气体CO2、CH4通量特征的影响. 资源科学, 2005, 27(2): 103-109. Qi YC, Dong YS, Yang XH, Geng YB, Liu LX, Li MF. Effects of grazing on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Resources Science, 2005, 27(2): 103-109. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[41]
WilsonR, MüllerC, MoserG, WilsonD. To graze or not to graze?Four years greenhouse gas balances and vegetation composition from a drained and a rewetted organic soil under grassland . Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 222: 156-170. [本文引用:1]
王思跃, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁. 薛敏. 放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响. 中国环境科学, 2002, 22(6): 490-494. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. Research of grazing effects on greenhouse gas emission in Inner Mongolia grassland s. China Environmental Science, 2002, 22(6): 490-494. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[44]
王跃思, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁, 薛敏. 半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究. 大气科学进展, 2003, 20(1): 295-310. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. An investigation on the relationship between emission/uptake of greenhouse gases and environmental factors in semiarid grassland . Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2003, 20(1): 295-310. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[45]
贺桂香, 李凯辉, 宋韦, 公延明, 刘学军, 胡玉昆, 田长彦. 新疆天山高寒草原不同放牧管理下的CO2, CH4和N2O通量特征. 生态学报, 2014, 34(3): 674-681. He GX, Li KH, SongW, Gong YM, Liu XJ, Hu YK, Tian CY. The fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(3): 674-681. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[46]
Soussana JF, AllardV, PilegaardK, AmbusP, AmmanC. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas(CO2, N2O, CH4)budget of nine European grassland sites. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 121(1): 121-134. [本文引用:1]
[47]
Moore JL, Howden SM, Mckeon GM, Carte JO, Scanlan JC. The dynamics of grazed woodland s in southwest Queensland , Australia, and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Environment International, 2001, 27(2/3): 147-153. [本文引用:1]
[48]
Howden SM, White DH, Mckeon GM, Scanlan JC, Carter JO. Methods for exploring management options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from tropical grazing systems. Climatic Change, 1994, 27(1): 49-70. [本文引用:1]
[49]
陈先江, 王彦荣, 侯扶江. 草地生态系统温室气体排放机理及影响因素. 草业科学, 2011, 28(5): 722-728. Chen XJ, Wang YR, Hou FJ. Mechanisms and controlling factors of grassland ecosystem greenhouse gas emissions. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(5): 722-728. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
曹娜. 放牧强度对半干旱草原土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放的影响. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学硕士学位, 2015. CaoN. Effect of grazing intensity on the emissions of N2, N2O, NO, CO2, CH4 in temperate semiarid steeps. Master Thesis. Yangling: North West Agriculture and Forestry University, 2015. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[52]
Cardoso A DS, Brito L DF, Janusckiewicz ER, Morgado E DS, Barbero RP. Impact of grazing intensity and seasons on greenhouse gas emissions in tropical grassland . Ecosystems, 2017, 20: 845-859. [本文引用:2]
[53]
万运帆, 李玉娥, 高清竹, 段敏杰, 旦久罗布, 白玛玉珍, 韦兰亭. 夏季放牧强度对藏北草原温室气体排放的影响. 草业科学, 2010, 27(11): 1-6. Wan YF, Li YE, Gao QZ, Duan MJ, Danjiuluobu, Baimayuzhen, Wei L T. Effect of summer grazing intensity on GHG emission in the north Tibet steppe. Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(11): 1-6. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[54]
朱二雄, 詹伟, 胡骥, 彭长辉, 郑群英, 杨刚, 何奕忻, 朱单, 朱求安, 陈槐. 不同放牧强度对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的早期影响. 应用与环境生物学报, 2016, 22(4): 561-566. Zhu EX, ZhanW, HuJ, Peng CH, Zheng QY, YangG, He YX, ZhuD, Zhu QA, ChenH. Early influence of the grazing intensity on ecosystem respiration of alpine meadows. China Journal of Applied Environment Biology, 2016, 22(4): 561-566. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[55]
周培, 韩国栋, 王成杰, 刘瑞香, 姜圆圆, 唐士明. 不同放牧强度对内蒙古荒漠草地生态系统含碳温室气体交换的影响. 内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 32(4): 59-64. ZhouP, Han GD, Wang CJ, Liu RX, Jiang YY, Tang SM. Effects of stocking rates on carbon fluxin the desert grassl and ecological system of inner mongolia Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition), 2011, 32(4): 59-64. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
[56]
Bell MJ, Cullen BR, Eckard RJ. The influence of climate, soil and pasture type on productivity and greenhouse gas emissions intensity of modeled beef cow-calf grazing systems in southern Australia. Animals, 2012, 2(4): 540-558. [本文引用:1]
[57]
ChaiL, KrR. Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from grazing beef cattle in Alberta and Ontario Canada. PloS One, 2015, 10(4): S10. [本文引用:1]
[58]
张成霞, 南志标. 放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展. 草业学报, 2010, 19(4): 204-211. Zhang CX, Nan ZB. Research progress on effects of grazing on physical and chemical characteristics of grassland soil. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(4): 204-211. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[59]
王跃思, 薛敏, 黄耀, 刘广仁, 王明星, 纪宝明. 内蒙古天然与放牧草原温室气体排放研究. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(3): 372-376. Wang YS, XueM, HuangY, Liu GR, Wang MX, Ji MB. Greenhouse gases emission or uptake in Inner Mongolia natural and free-grazing grassland s. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(3): 372-376. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[60]
林巧燕, 布仁巴音, 汪诗平. 反刍家畜及其排泄物对N2O和CH4排放的贡献. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. Lin QY, Burenbayin, Wang S P. Contributions of ruminants and their excreta to N2O and CH4 emissions. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[61]
程胜利, 肖玉萍, 杨保平. 反刍动物甲烷排放现状及调控技术研究进展. 中国草食动物科学, 2013, 33(5): 56-59. Cheng SL, Xiao YP, Yang BP. Research progress in methane emission from ruminant and control techniques. China Herbivores Science, 2013, 33(5): 56-59. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[62]
王胤晨, 袁扬, 张锦华, 何光中, 韩勇, 周文章. 反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的营养调控. 中国畜牧兽医文摘, 2015, 41(7): 100-104. Wang YC, YuanY, Zhang JH, He GZ, HanY, Zhou WZ. Nutritional regulation of rumen methane production in ruminantanimals. Chinese Absstracts of Animal Husband ry and Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 41(7): 100-104. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[63]
王月, 张东方, 丁莹, 荆红俊, 娜仁花. 内蒙古呼和浩特市家畜温室气体排放量估算. 家畜生态学报, 2014(10): 68-73. WangY, Zhang DF, DingY, Jing HJ, Narenhua. Greenhouse gas emission by livestocks in hohhot. Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastici, 2014(10): 68-73. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[64]
郭小伟, 杜岩功, 林丽. 青藏高原北缘3种高寒草地的CH4、CO2和N2O通量特征的初步研究. 草业科学, 2016, 33(1): 27-37. Guo XW, Du YG, LinL. CH4, CO2 and N2O flux among three types of alpine meadow in the north regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(1): 27-37. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[65]
ChenW, WolfB, BrüggemannN, Butterbach-BahlK, Chen XZ. Annual emissions of greenhouse gases from sheepfolds in Inner Mongolia. Plant and Soil, 2011, 340(1): 291-301. [本文引用:2]
汪诗平, AndreasWilke, 汪亚运, 白玲. 放牧阉牦牛提前出栏甲烷排放强度减排潜力探讨. 环境科学, 2014(8): 3225-229. Wang SP, WilkesA, Wang YY, BaiL. Discussion on reduction potential of CH4 emission intensity for early off-take practice of grazing yak. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(8): 3225-3229. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[68]
赵亮, 陈懂懂, 徐世晓, 赵新全, 李奇. 传统放牧模式下青藏高原高寒牧区藏系绵羊温室气体排放研究. 家畜生态学报, 2016, 37(8): 36-44. ZhaoL, Chen DD, Xu SX, Zhao XQ, LiQ. Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emission from tibetan sheep under traditional grazing management on the alpine grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2016, 37(8): 36-44. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[69]
朱玲玲, 戎郁萍, 王伟光, 马磊. 放牧对草地生态系统CO2净气体交换影响研究概述. 草地学报, 2013, 21(1): 3-10. Zhu LL, Rong YP, Wang WG, MaL. Effects of grazing on the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in grassland ecosystems(Research Review). Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2013, 21(1): 3-10. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[70]
刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 韩建国, 陈佐忠, 王艳芬. 放牧家畜排泄物N转化研究进展. 生态学报, 2004, 24(4): 775-783. Liu ZK, Wang SP, Han JG, Chen ZZ, Wang YF. Nitrogen turnover from grazing livestock excreta: A review. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24: 775-783. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[71]
王成杰, 汪诗平, 周禾. 放牧家畜甲烷气体排放量测定方法研究进展. 草业学报, 2006, 15(1): 113-116. Wang CJ, Wang SP, ZhouH. Review on advancements in measurement methods of methane emissions from grazing animals. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2006, 15(1): 113-116. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[72]
葛世栋, 徐田伟, 李冰, 曹慧, 赵亮, 徐世晓. 高寒草甸粪斑的温室气体排放. 草业科学, 2014, 31(1): 39-47. Ge SD, Xu TW, LiB, CaoH, ZhaoL, Xu SX. Effects of yak dung on greenhouse gas emission during growing season in the alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(1): 39-47. (in Chinese)[本文引用:2]
[73]
Khalil M AK, Rasmussen RA. The global sources of nitrous oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1992, 97(D13): 14651-14660. [本文引用:2]
[74]
Houghton JT, Calland er BA, Vamey SK. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, 2015: 141-141. [本文引用:2]
MatsO, IngvarS. Effects of a transient oxic period on mineralization of organic matter to CH4 and CO2 in anoxic peat incubations. Geomicrobiology Journal, 1998, 15(4): 325-333. [本文引用:2]
[77]
Ma XZ, Wang SP, Wang YF, Jiang GM, NyrenP. Short-term effects of sheep excrement on carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in typical grassland of Inner Mongolia. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2006, 49(3): 285-297. [本文引用:1]
姜圆圆. 放牧绵羊排泄物养分降解及其对温室气体排放的贡献. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文, 2012. Jiang YY. The study on nutrient degradation and contribution to greenhouse gas emission of grazing sheep excreta. Master Thesis. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)[本文引用:1]
张卫建, 许泉, 王绪奎, 卞新民. 气温上升对草地土壤微生物群落结构的影响. 生态学报, 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. Zhang WJ, XuQ, Wang XK, Bian XM. Impacts of experimental atmospheric warming on soil microbial community structure in a tallgrass prairie. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(8): 1742-1747. (in Chinese)
在20世纪内,全球气温已经上升了0.6℃,并预计到本世纪末仍将上升1.4~5.8℃.全球气候变暖对生态系统的潜在影响,生态系统对气温上升的反馈已成为国际生态学界的研究热点,而且所研究的系统也已经从过去简化的模拟系统到复杂的真实生态系统.但是,现有对真实生态系统的研究大部分集中在地上植物群落和土壤气体交换等领域,对在土壤有机碳分解和保护中起决定作用的土壤微生物研究较少.为此,在美国大平原地区进行人工提高气温(上升1.8℃),来研究土壤微生物对气温上升的反应.结果表明:增温对土壤微生物的总生物量没有显著效应, 但可以提高微生物的C∶N比.另外,磷脂肪酸分析发现,气温上升显著降低土壤微生物量中的细菌比重,提高真菌的份额,从而显著提高了群落中真菌与细菌的比值.而且,通过对土壤微生物底物利用方式和磷脂肪酸特征的主成份分析,发现增温导致了土壤微生物群落结构的转变.可见,气温上升可能是通过提高土壤微生物中真菌的优势,而导致群落结构的变化 .该变化将可以提高微生物对土壤有机碳的利用效率,并利于土壤有机碳的保护. Abstract: Global surface temperature is predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8℃ by the end of this century. However, the impacts of this projected warming on soil carbon balance and budget of terrestri alecosystems are not clear. One major source of the uncertainty stems from warm ing effects on soil microbes, which exert dominant influence on soil organic car bon decomposition and storage in terrestrial ecosystems. We have therefore conducted an experiment in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem in the US Great Plains to study soil microbial responses to artificial warming of about 1.8℃. Our data showed that warming did not induce significant differences in soil microbial biomas ssize, but increased microbial biomass C∶Nratio. Also, warming caused an increase in bacterial contribution and a decrease in fungal contribution to the total microbial PLFAs, consequently inducing an increase in the ratio of fungi to bacteria within the whole soil microbial community. Moreover, principle component analysis of substrate utilization patterns and the profiles of phospholipid fatt yacids showed that warming caused a shift in soil microbial community structure . Together, our results indicate that this shift in microbial community structure induced by experimental warming may be attributed to the increase in soil fungal dominance and the decrease in bacterial dominance. The observed shift in soil microbial community structure may increase microbial carbon use efficiency and benefit organic carbon protection in the soil.
严迎燕. 短程同步硝化反硝化过程的N2O释放特性及其微生物群落特征研究. 广州: 华南理工大学硕士学位论文, 2014. Yan YY. Study on the N2O emission characteristics and microbial community succession during the shortcut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Master Thesis. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2014. (in Chinese)
王明星, 张仁健, 郑循华. 温室气体的源与汇. 气候与环境研究, 2000, 5(1): 75-79. Wang MX, Zhang RJ, Zheng XH. Sources and sinks of green house gases. Climatic & Environmental Research, 2000, 5(1): 75-79. (in Chinese)
王长庭, 龙瑞军, 丁路明. 草地生态系统中物种多样性、群落稳定性和生态系统功能的关系. 草业科学, 2005, 22(6): 1-7. Wang CT, Long RJ, Ding LM. Species diversity, community stability and ecosystem function-extension of the continuous views. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(6): 1-7. (in Chinese)
张亮, 韩静艳, 王道涵. 草地生态系统土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应研究进展. 生态科学, 2017, 36(2): 201-207. ZhangL, Han JY, Wang DH. Review on responses of soil respiration to stock grazing in grassland ecosystems. Ecological Science, 2017, 36(2): 201-207. (in Chinese)
崔伟, 赵凌平, 赵芙蓉. 封育和放牧对黄土高原典型草原芽库的影响. 草业科学, 2017, 34(1): 9-15. CuiW, Zhao LP, Zhao FR. Effects of fencing and grazing management on bud bank in a semiarid steppe on the Loess Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2017, 34(1): 9-15. (in Chinese)
高超. 东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸草原土壤有机质特性及其对草地生产力的影响. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学硕士毕业论文, 2007. GaoC. Study on the characteristics of soil organic matter of alpine meadow under different degradation degrees in eastern Qilian Mountains and its effect on productivity. Master Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese)
张亮, 沈潮, 邓杰. 放牧干扰对草地土壤理化性质的影响. 防护林科技, 2016(12): 1-4. ZhangL, ShenC, DengJ. Effects of grazing disturbance on soil physical and chemical properties in grassland . Protection Forest Science and Technology, 2016(12): 1-4. (in Chinese)
李凤霞, 李晓东, 周秉荣, 祁栋林, 王力, 傅华. 放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响. 草业科学, 2015, 32(1): 11-18. Li FX, Li XD, Zhou BR, Qi DL, WangL, FuH. Effects of grazing intensity on biomass and soil physical and chemical characteristics in alpine meadow in Tthree the source Rivers Source. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(1): 11-18. (in Chinese)
Human activity has adversely affected global carbon(C) and nitrogen(N), and contributed to an alteration of climate that will generate discernible feedbacks to all organisms and ecosystems on earth. The purpose of this study was to provide the basis of degrading mechanisms in alpine meadow research and understanding global C reserves and quantifying the pools and changing of soil carbon under grazing intensity. The combined methods of field survey and experiment analysis were applied to detect the influence of biomass and soil carbon characteristics under different grazing intensity: enclosure (EN), light grazing (LG), moderate grazing (MG), heavy grazing(HG) and control (CK)on an alpine meadow. The experiment plots were located in the Yushu Longbao alpine meadow. The results showed that aboveground biomass and underground biomass of grassland were maximum in EN treatment. With the grazing intensity increasing, the aboveground biomass and underground biomass decreased. The soil moisture in EN and LG treatments were significantly higher( P <0.05) than the other treatments which influenced by grazing disturbance. In the soil profile, the soil moisture decreased with soil depth increase in all treatments. Trampling of grazed not only influenced soil moisture but also impacted soil bulk density, the soil bulk density increased with the grazing intensity increasing. The soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen were also influenced by grazing, the total nitrogen decreased in the following order: LG>EN>MG>CK>HG whereas the SOC decreased in the following order LG>EN>MG>HG>CK. Optium trampling of grazing increased soil bulk density, however, but the effects on meadow vegetation and soil structure of high grazing intensity were not benefical for sustainable development of grassland ecosystem.
为了揭示高寒草甸生态系统在放牧扰动下的植被和土壤特征变化,通过野外样地调查和室内分析法研究和探讨围栏封育(EN)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)、对照区(CK)几种不同放牧强度对草地生物量和土壤碳特征的影响,为高寒草甸的退化研究提供依据。结果表明,封育区地上生物量和地下生物量最高,随着放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量和地下生物量均呈减少趋势;放牧干扰对高寒草甸土壤湿度也产生影响,其中封育区和轻牧区土壤湿度显著高于其他处理( P <0.05);在土壤剖面上,随着土层深度的增加土壤湿度呈明显降低趋势;放牧的践踏作用不仅影响土壤湿度,而且随着放牧强度的增加土壤容重增加;土壤全氮和土壤有机碳也对放牧有一定的响应,土壤全氮表现为LG>EN>MG>CK>HG,土壤有机碳从高到底为LG>EN>MG>HG>CK。草地受到放牧干扰时,适度的践踏干扰将提高草地生产力和碳固存,但是高强度的放牧对草地植被和土壤结构的干扰作用不利于草地生态系统的可持续发展。
管雄明. 放牧对内蒙古典型草原土壤甲烷通量变化及相关微生物的影响. 杭州: 浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2016. Guan XM. Effect of grazing on methane flux and related microbes in Inner Mongolia grassland soils. Master Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2016. (in Chinese)
梁茂伟, 梁存柱, 白雪, 苗百岭, 王英舜, 包桂荣, 王譞. 一年生植物功能群对放牧草原生物量和土壤呼吸的影响. 草业科学, 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. Liang MW, Liang CZ, BaiX, Miao BL, Wang YS, Bao GR, WangX. Effects of annual plant functional group on biomass and soil respiration in agrazing community of a typical steppe grassland . Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(12): 2407-2417. (in Chinese)
蒲宁宁, 孙宗玖, 范燕敏, 杨合龙. 放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳及微生物碳的影响. 新疆农业大学学报, 2013, 36(1): 66-70. Pu NN, Sun ZJ, Fan YM, Yang HL. Influence of grazing intensity on the soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon of meadow steppe in Zhaosu area. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2013, 36(1): 66-70. (in Chinese)
The effects of grazing on physical properties (bulk density, water infiltration), chemical properties (soil organic matter, nitrogen) and soil microbes of grassland soils were reviewed based on published literature. The effects of grazing on soil properties were inconsistent, because of the complexity of the soil system, time lag after disturbance and resilience of soil system to perturbation. In general, because of the impact of animal trampling, there are changes in soil pore size distribution as well as ...
齐玉春, 董云社, 杨小红, 耿元波, 刘立新, 李明峰. 放牧对温带典型草原含碳温室气体CO2、CH4通量特征的影响. 资源科学, 2005, 27(2): 103-109. Qi YC, Dong YS, Yang XH, Geng YB, Liu LX, Li MF. Effects of grazing on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Resources Science, 2005, 27(2): 103-109. (in Chinese)
Using the static chamber method, the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane of soil were measured through the continuous experiment in situ from July 2001 to July 2003 in Leymus Chinense and Stipa grandis fence-enclosed non-grazing grasslands and their corresponding grazing pastures in Xinlin river basin of Inner Mongolia in China. According to the results of field experiment, the fluxes characteristics and seasonal variation patterns of two non-grazing grasslands and their grazing grasslands were compared. The results indicated that: 1) Comparing with the native fence-enclosed communities, the grazing didn’t changed the direction of sources and sinks and the seasonal variation patterns of the carbon dioxide and methane fluxes; 2) The average emission fluxes of carbon dioxide at different statistical period from 2001 to 2003 in Leymus Chinense fence-enclosed grassland were 9.6 percent to 67.7 percent higher than that of Leymus Chinense rotational grazing grassland and 22.7 percent to 59.4 percent higher in Stipa grandis fence-enclosed grassland than that in the Stipa grandis free-grazing grassland. While in non-growing season, the differences between fence-enclosed grasslands and corresponding rotational or free grazing grasslands weren’t significant; 3) The annual CH4 uptake fluxes of grazing grasslands were lower than those in corresponding fence-enclosed grasslands, the grazing decreased the soil sink intensity of CH4. But the difference of annual or growing-season average CH4 fluxes between fence-enclosed and grazing grasslands didn’t reached the significant level of 0.05. The drought has narrowed the difference between them; 4) The grazing promoted the CH4 uptake intensity of soil in growing season, while also promoted the emission fluxes of CH4 in certain period of non-growing season especially during the period of freezing-thawing, the grazing enlarged the annual variation range of CH4 fluxes
Using close chamber-GC method, the impacts of no grazing in summer on greenhouse gas emissions from Kobresia humilis alpine meadow, soil properties, and biomass were measured in 2004. The results indicated that vegetation coverage was increased by 41%, biomass increased by 53% per hectare and soil properties changed significantly after eight years in no grazing grassland when compared to grazing grassland. CO 2 respiration from vegetation and soil of no grazing grassland was 20.7% lower than that from grazing grassland. The average emission rates were 30.7 kg·(hm 2 ·d) -1 for no grazing grassland and 38.7 kg·(hm 2 ·d) -1 for grazing grassland. Both Kobresia humilis alpine meadow with grazing and no grazing activities showed to be a sink of atmospheric CH 4 and the uptake rate of CH 4 was enhanced after the prohibition of grazing. The average uptake rates of CH 4 for no grazing grassland were 28.1 gCH 4 ·hm -2 ·d -1 and 21.9 gCH 4 ·hm -2 ·d -1 for grazing grassland. N 2 O emission was lower from no grazing grassland than that from grazing grassland. The average emission rates of N 2 O were 4.5 gN 2 O-N·hm -2 ·d -1 and 7.6 gN 2 O-N·hm -2 ·d -1 for no grazing grassland and grazing grassland, respectively. No grazing in summer weakened the contribution of grassland to the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere compared to grazing grassland.
王思跃, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁. 薛敏. 放牧对内蒙古草原温室气体排放的影响. 中国环境科学, 2002, 22(6): 490-494. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. Research of grazing effects on greenhouse gas emission in Inner Mongolia grassland s. China Environmental Science, 2002, 22(6): 490-494. (in Chinese)
王跃思, 胡玉琼, 纪宝明, 刘广仁, 薛敏. 半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究. 大气科学进展, 2003, 20(1): 295-310. Wang YS, Hu YQ, Ji BM, Liu GR, XueM. An investigation on the relationship between emission/uptake of greenhouse gases and environmental factors in semiarid grassland . Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2003, 20(1): 295-310. (in Chinese)
1
2014
0.0
0.0
贺桂香, 李凯辉, 宋韦, 公延明, 刘学军, 胡玉昆, 田长彦. 新疆天山高寒草原不同放牧管理下的CO2, CH4和N2O通量特征. 生态学报, 2014, 34(3): 674-681. He GX, Li KH, SongW, Gong YM, Liu XJ, Hu YK, Tian CY. The fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(3): 674-681. (in Chinese)
With growing concerns on impacts of human activities and global warming on Alpine grasslands, comprehensive understanding of the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases becomes increasingly more important. The understanding is closely related to the progress on biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are the three most important greenhouse gases, which are considered to account for 80% contribution to global warming potential. The alpine grassland of Xinjiang is a typical temperate arid region of grasslands. The study was conducted at the Bayinbuluk Grassland Eco-system Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences(83°43'E,42°54'N). Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is located in the southern Tianshan mountains. Xinjiang Uygur AutonoMous Region, central Asia and covers a total area of approximately 2.3×10 4 km 2 . Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is the typical temperate arid alpine grassland, which is the second largest grassland of China after Inner Mongolia Grassland. As we all know, the grassland ecosystem has degenerated seriously and grazing prohibition is a frequently-used solution to prevent grass grassland degradation. While, it is still unknown that grazing prohibition impacts greenhouse gases fluxes in some degree. The study of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide of long-term grazing-prohibition grass(1984), short-term grazing-prohibition grass(2005) and free grazing grass in Bayinbuluk alpine grassland is meaningful, which will deepen our understanding of greenhouse gases fluxes in the alpine grassland ecosystem, help us assess global warming, parameterize Earth System models and get more comprehensive grasp of the impact of grazing prohibition on the grassland ecosystem.Using opaque, static, manual stainless steel chambers and gas chromatography, the fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide of long-term grazing-prohibition grass, short-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass were measured through the continuous experiment in situ from May 2010 to October 2011(no sampling in January and February 2011 because of the very low temperatures, about -40℃). Four times per month during the growing season(from May to October) and twice per month during non-growing (from November to next year April) season at all sites. According to the results of field experiment, the alpine grassland of Xinjiang is the sources of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide; it is the sinks of methane. In the growing season, CO 2 average fluxes of short-term grazing-prohibition, long-term grazing-prohibition and free grazing are (89.8±49.3),(52.8±28.7), (57.0±30.7)mg · m -2 · h -1 ; CH 4 fluxes averaged out to (-66.3±21.3), (-104.5±32.8), (-103.0±39.0) μg · m -2 · h -1 ; CH 4 fluxes averaged out to (21.2±11.8), (13.6±6.9), (13.2±6.2) μg · m -2 · h -1 . Our results indicated that: (1) Nitrous oxide fluxes showed a significant correlation with carbon dioxide fluxes in three kinds of grasslands. (2) In the growing season, the difference of greenhouse gases fluxes between long-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass were not significant, while short-term grazing-prohibition grass has higher fluxes of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide and lower fluxes of methane. (3) In growing season, the fluxes of methane of short-term grazing-prohibition grass showed significant difference with long-term grazing-prohibition grass and free grazing grass. But the difference of growing-season average carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes did not reach the significance level of 0.05. (4) In non-growing season, no significant differences between the fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide were found in long-term grazing-prohibition grassland, short-term grazing-prohibition grassland and free grazing grassland.
以中国科学院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站为依托,于2010年5月-2011年10月利用静态箱-气相色谱法对短期禁牧(2005年围封)、长期禁牧(1984年围封)和自由放牧(冬季放牧)3种草地的CO 2 、CH 4 、N 2 O气体通量进行了野外连续试验研究。结果表明:新疆天山高寒草原对CO 2 ,CH 4 和N 2 O通量表现出明显的季节排放特点。在植物的生长季(5-10月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧和自由放牧草原的CO 2 通量平均值分别为:(89.8±49.3)、(52.8±28.7)、(57.0±30.7)mg · m -2 · h -1 ,CH 4 通量平均值分别为:(-66.3±21.3)、(-104.5±32.8)、(-103.0±39.0)μg · m -2 · h -1 ,N 2 O通量平均值分别为:(21.2±11.8)、(13.6±6.9)、(13.2±6.2)μg · m -2 · h -1 ;短期禁牧草原与长期禁牧和自由放牧草原CH 4 平均通量具有显著性差异( P 2 和N 2 O差异不显著( P > 0.05)。在植物的非生长季(11月-翌年4月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧以及自由放牧草原的3种温室气体的通量较低且差异均不显著。
1
2007
0.0
0.0
1
2001
0.0
0.0
1
1994
0.0
0.0
1
2011
0.0
0.0
陈先江, 王彦荣, 侯扶江. 草地生态系统温室气体排放机理及影响因素. 草业科学, 2011, 28(5): 722-728. Chen XJ, Wang YR, Hou FJ. Mechanisms and controlling factors of grassland ecosystem greenhouse gas emissions. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(5): 722-728. (in Chinese)
万运帆, 李玉娥, 高清竹, 段敏杰, 旦久罗布, 白玛玉珍, 韦兰亭. 夏季放牧强度对藏北草原温室气体排放的影响. 草业科学, 2010, 27(11): 1-6. Wan YF, Li YE, Gao QZ, Duan MJ, Danjiuluobu, Baimayuzhen, Wei L T. Effect of summer grazing intensity on GHG emission in the north Tibet steppe. Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(11): 1-6. (in Chinese)
周培, 韩国栋, 王成杰, 刘瑞香, 姜圆圆, 唐士明. 不同放牧强度对内蒙古荒漠草地生态系统含碳温室气体交换的影响. 内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 32(4): 59-64. ZhouP, Han GD, Wang CJ, Liu RX, Jiang YY, Tang SM. Effects of stocking rates on carbon fluxin the desert grassl and ecological system of inner mongolia Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition), 2011, 32(4): 59-64. (in Chinese)
张成霞, 南志标. 放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展. 草业学报, 2010, 19(4): 204-211. Zhang CX, Nan ZB. Research progress on effects of grazing on physical and chemical characteristics of grassland soil. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(4): 204-211. (in Chinese)
王跃思, 薛敏, 黄耀, 刘广仁, 王明星, 纪宝明. 内蒙古天然与放牧草原温室气体排放研究. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(3): 372-376. Wang YS, XueM, HuangY, Liu GR, Wang MX, Ji MB. Greenhouse gases emission or uptake in Inner Mongolia natural and free-grazing grassland s. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(3): 372-376. (in Chinese)
林巧燕, 布仁巴音, 汪诗平. 反刍家畜及其排泄物对N2O和CH4排放的贡献. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. Lin QY, Burenbayin, Wang S P. Contributions of ruminants and their excreta to N2O and CH4 emissions. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2011, 30(11): 2604-2612. (in Chinese)
To clarify the contributions of ruminants and their excreta to greenhouse gases emission and the main affecting factors is of social, economic,and ecological significances for understanding the global climate change and searching for related mitigation options. Based on the related researches, it was considered that to improve the dietary quality and nutritional balance of ruminants ( e.g ., to add additives medium-chain fatty acid and others into diets and to increase the proportions of leguminous grasses in grassland) could be the effective measures in enhancing ruminant productivity while decreasing CH 4 emission. The contributions of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate produced by the ruminants and their excreta should be also paid attention to. As the decrease of a kind of greenhouse gas emission could result in the increase of another kind of greenhouse gas emission during the storage and utilization of ruminants’ excreta, the total emission of the greenhouse gases should be regulated by integrative measures, according to the warming potential of the gases calculated as CO 2 -C. Therefore, how to improve the feeding and nutrition of ruminants through adjusting grazing management regime and plant community structure in grassland would be the scientific issue to be solved in the future to realize the balance between the ecological conservation of grassland and the reduction of greenhouse gase emissions per unit ruminant production.
1The Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China;2Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;3Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
程胜利, 肖玉萍, 杨保平. 反刍动物甲烷排放现状及调控技术研究进展. 中国草食动物科学, 2013, 33(5): 56-59. Cheng SL, Xiao YP, Yang BP. Research progress in methane emission from ruminant and control techniques. China Herbivores Science, 2013, 33(5): 56-59. (in Chinese)
王胤晨, 袁扬, 张锦华, 何光中, 韩勇, 周文章. 反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的营养调控. 中国畜牧兽医文摘, 2015, 41(7): 100-104. Wang YC, YuanY, Zhang JH, He GZ, HanY, Zhou WZ. Nutritional regulation of rumen methane production in ruminantanimals. Chinese Absstracts of Animal Husband ry and Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 41(7): 100-104. (in Chinese)
郭小伟, 杜岩功, 林丽. 青藏高原北缘3种高寒草地的CH4、CO2和N2O通量特征的初步研究. 草业科学, 2016, 33(1): 27-37. Guo XW, Du YG, LinL. CH4, CO2 and N2O flux among three types of alpine meadow in the north regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2016, 33(1): 27-37. (in Chinese)
Greenhouse gas flux from alpine grassland has been one of hotspots to study the relationship between climate change and alpine grassland. Most of these studies focused on gas flux of one type grassland and differences in gasflux among different alpine meadows receives little attention. A experimentwas conducted in three types of grassland, ie. alpine meadow, artificial pasture and shrub meadow to investigate the Greenhouse gas fluxes in three types of grassland by using static chambers and gas chromatography. This study indicated that three types of alpine grassland were the sink of atmospheric CH 4 , and were the source of atmospheric CO 2 and N 2 O. CH 4 flux rates were -21.4, -28.1 and -41.1 μg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. CO 2 flux rates were 360.6, 447.9 and 475.1 mg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. N 2 O flux rates were 34.2, 51.6 and 50.6 μg·m -2 ·h -1 for FC, FCP and GG. CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O flux in growing season accounted for 42.4%~45.6%, 64.1%~67.8% and 37.9%~66.7% of the whole year, respectively. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth negatively correlated with CH 4 flux rate ( P 2 and N 2 O flux rate ( P 2 and CH 4 flux rate, negatively correlated with N 2 O flux rate. Q 10 revealed that CO 2 flux rate was more sensitive to increase in temperaturethan CH 4 and N 2 O flux rate. The three grasslands for controllinggreenhouse effect were in the following order: GG>FCP>FC. The CO 2 flux rate was much higher than CH 4 and N 2 O flux rate, then contributing an important role togreenhouse effect of grassland.
1.Key laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China; 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
赵亮, 陈懂懂, 徐世晓, 赵新全, 李奇. 传统放牧模式下青藏高原高寒牧区藏系绵羊温室气体排放研究. 家畜生态学报, 2016, 37(8): 36-44. ZhaoL, Chen DD, Xu SX, Zhao XQ, LiQ. Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emission from tibetan sheep under traditional grazing management on the alpine grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2016, 37(8): 36-44. (in Chinese)
朱玲玲, 戎郁萍, 王伟光, 马磊. 放牧对草地生态系统CO2净气体交换影响研究概述. 草地学报, 2013, 21(1): 3-10. Zhu LL, Rong YP, Wang WG, MaL. Effects of grazing on the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in grassland ecosystems(Research Review). Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2013, 21(1): 3-10. (in Chinese)
王成杰, 汪诗平, 周禾. 放牧家畜甲烷气体排放量测定方法研究进展. 草业学报, 2006, 15(1): 113-116. Wang CJ, Wang SP, ZhouH. Review on advancements in measurement methods of methane emissions from grazing animals. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2006, 15(1): 113-116. (in Chinese)
葛世栋, 徐田伟, 李冰, 曹慧, 赵亮, 徐世晓. 高寒草甸粪斑的温室气体排放. 草业科学, 2014, 31(1): 39-47. Ge SD, Xu TW, LiB, CaoH, ZhaoL, Xu SX. Effects of yak dung on greenhouse gas emission during growing season in the alpine meadow. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(1): 39-47. (in Chinese)
In order to understand the impacts of yak dung on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the growing season, nitrous oxide(N 2 O), methane(CH 4 ), and carbon oxide(CO 2 ) fluxes in Kobresia-dominanted meadow were measured by the static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method. The results showed that the application of dung had distinct stimulating effects for N 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 fluxes, which occurred during the 1-50 days after application although the peak value presented at different time. The global warming potential induced by GHG emissions after dung application increased by 39.2%. The global warming potential and the cumulative flux of N 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 during three months research period after dung application was 2 102, 0.095, 0.412 and 2 064 g·m -2 , respectively. Emission-time pattern of greenhouse gas should be paid more attention to assess global change to animals’ excrements as yak dung patches were strong GHG source.
为了解生长季牦牛粪斑覆盖对高寒草地生态系统温室气体排放的影响,探讨其温室气体来源,并分析草地与粪斑间的刺激作用,于2012年6月25日-2012年9月24日基于添加牛粪处理定位实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对高寒草地生态系统N2O、CH4和CO2通量进行测定。主要结论如下:020202 1)粪斑的覆盖可对其高寒草地生态系统(高寒草甸生态系统、高寒灌丛生态系统和高寒沼泽生态系统)的N2O、CH4和CO2排放具有刺激效应,总体上呈现出单峰式变化过程,但CO2排放的波动幅度较大、排放周期较长,且三种温室气体在不同时间、不同的植被类型上出现峰值的时间不同。020202 2)粪斑覆盖后,高寒草甸、高寒灌丛和高寒沼泽三个月内的全球变暖潜势分别为2102 g CO2当量·m-2、1645 g CO2当量·m-2和1611 g CO2当量·m-2,较对照分别增加了39.2%、57.6%和55.5%。在轻度、中度和重度三种放牧梯度下,粪斑覆盖后的青藏高原高寒草地温室气体总排放量较没有粪斑覆盖相同面积的青藏高原高寒草地总温室气体释放量(换算为CO2当量)增加了1.1%、1.7%和2.5%。020202 3)粪斑覆盖后的高寒草地生态系统是重要的温室气体来源,在估测粪斑覆盖后青藏高原高寒草地在气候变化中的作用中,70天基本上可作为温室气体排放的估测时间段,且对于温室气体排放的时段问题,我们应加以足够的重视。020202 4)粪斑的覆盖,可以在很大程度上激发高寒草甸土壤N2O的释放,但基本上不改变CH4的吸收和CO2的排放。粪斑是温室气体的重要来源,粪斑覆盖的CH4增加量全部来自于粪斑,其平均排放通量为0.23±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1;粪斑的N2O和CO2排放分别占总排放量9.9%和30.8%。粪斑覆盖后的高寒草地生态系统N2O、CH4和CO2排放量均受环境因子的限制,适度的温度和湿度有利于温室气体的产生。
姜圆圆. 放牧绵羊排泄物养分降解及其对温室气体排放的贡献. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文, 2012. Jiang YY. The study on nutrient degradation and contribution to greenhouse gas emission of grazing sheep excreta. Master Thesis. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)